Personal Interest Stories

Left to Right: Vladimir Markov, Emmett Leith, JimTrolinger(WWT), Yuri Denisyuk

Holography beneath the Surface -The Personal Interest Dimension

by

James D. Trolinger, WWT

1 Introduction and Background

The history of holography has been documented in many articles and books. Because the field is young, still searching for its place in society, and still under development, historical accounts vary widely depending on the subculture from which they are reported. Developments take place in parallel subcultures, like art, science, and business, and it takes time for the knowledge to disseminate across cultural and geographical boundaries. Controversies arise especially when credits are announced and when two or more separated groups make what is arguably the same discovery. This is especially true of holography, since it was born during the cold war when developments on each side of the Iron Curtain were often kept secret or were not widely reported.

Writing a detailed history of holography at the present time is a risky endeavor because of the many different impressions of who did what first and how it fitted into the big picture. For that reason I have undertaken a hopefully more enjoyable, though still somewhat risky, endeavor of examining the personal side of the holography community. Holography history is sprinkled with bizarre, humorous, happy and sad events related mostly on a personal basis by the members of the first generations. Since many of these are not directly relevant to the technical field itself, they are likely to be lost and forgotten as the first generation of holographers passes on. Many of the tales are worthy of archiving, and this is an attempt to do so and thus preserve some of these. Like any field, holography also has its urban legends and fairy tales. An attempt is made to identify a few of these as well.

Every holographer has a funny tale regarding some amusing, strange, or even mystical experience, and I have heard enough of these to begin a logbook. I have had the good fortune to know many of the founders and creators of the field of holography giving me a first hand exposure to such stories. With any luck I can get the collection to grow as others agree to contribute.

Friends are quick to related such stories and much slower at writing them. After asking almost every holographer I know to submit such stories and having everyone assure me he would do so and then not, I have paraphrased, interpreted and possibly embellished these with my own perspectives, hopefully retaining something close to the truth. When possible I ran the final version before the subject/victim before presenting here, but not always. I apologize for any inaccuracies in my retelling the story.

New Stories after January 2007

Holographic Tire Testing

New Stories after December 2006

36-Smoke and Mirrors

35-Raisin Bread in Space

32-Holography in the Old Gothic Quarter, Barcelona

33. Ken Haines and his Clean Table

34. Vance Deason Confronts the Safety Officer

New Stories after 20 July, 2004

30-The Gold Pectoral of Ukraine

31-Secrecy in Holography

The History of Aerospace Holography from My Perspective

Stories entered before 2004

2 Holographic Portraiture

2.1 Early portrait holograms

2.1.1 Heflinger-in-a-Vice: Related by Ralph Wuerker

2.1.2 First holographic image of a nude on a magazine cover

2.1.3 Holograms of Playboy Playmates-JDT

2.1.4 The Reagan Portrait

2.1.5 Woman in a mirror-JDT

2.1.6 Picasso Derivative-Woman in a Mirror-JDT

3 Hologram of the Pope-Related by Craig Newswanger

4 Virtual Jewel Thieves-Related by Vladimir Markov

5 The Virtual Gun-Related by Vladimir Markov

6 The Cartier Jewel

6.1 More on Cartier hologram-Related by John Caulfield

7 Princess Margaret story-Related by John Webster

8 The various histories of holography-JDT.

9 Fellows of the SPIE-JDT

10 Yuri Denisyuk meets Harold Edgerton (a Holographic encounter)-JDT

11 The Buddha Hologram-Related by Joseph Shu

12 The UAH Center for Applied Optics-related by Hans Bjelkhagen

13 The T.J. Jeong five-minute lecture on holography-related by Emmett Leith

14 Hologram card detector-Anonymous

15 The Legacies of Denisyuk, Gabor, and Leith-JDT

16 Holography and Royalty-Related by Fred Unterseher

17 National Geographic holograms

17.1 First cover-The eagle-

17.2 The Second National Geographic Cover-

17.3 The Third National geographic hologram cover

18 "Welcome to Russia," Professor Lohmann-Related by John Caulfield

19 The Little Laser that couldn't: Related by John Caulfield

20 Jumpei Tsujiuchi, the hologram thief-Related by John Caulfield

21 Misadventures with Denisyuk-Type Holograms-Various holographers

21.1 The University of Michigan Group--Related by Ken Haines

21.2 Jim Trolinger AEDC laboratory- JDT

22 Dali holograms-Related by Jean-Louis Trebillion

23 Parallelisms with Photography-JDT

24 A Dog Named Gabor-Related by Fred Way

25 A Career Looking at Small Particles with Holography-JDT

26 Number of holograms-JDT

27 Using a hologram like a window into a previous time-JDT

28 The first US Space Holocamera-JDT

29 Holography Adventures in Bogota, Columbia-JDT

29.1 Holographic Hostages

29.2 Holographic Terrorists?

29.3 Holographic Gold Thieves

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  • 2 Holographic Portraiture

  • 2.1 Early portrait holograms

  • 2.1.1 Heflinger-in-a-Vice: Related by Ralph Wuerker

  • Some of the first holographic portraits were produced by scientists, who were not able to resist the temptation of playing with their equipment and doing some fun, though somewhat non scientific, things with their technology. The first holograms in the mid 1960's were made with CW lasers requiring rigid objects on highly stable tables, with long recording times in which the subject had to remain absolutely stationary. Unlike the first photographs, where a subject’s movement simply blurred the image, the slightest movement would totally destroy a holographic image.

    The first pulsed lasers were unsuitable for making good holograms. A few ingenious holographers were able to use a ruby laser in the late sixties to create good holograms, but the subject still needed to remain relatively stationary. Two such scientists were Drs Ralph Wuerker and Lee Heflinger whose team also included Robert Brooks, Sam Zivi, and Gordon Humberstone. In several instances holographic interferograms of Lee's face were produced by clamping his head in a vice to hold him stationary between exposures.

    It would seem that publications containing photos of Lee in a vice were the first published photographs of a holographic human portrait.

  • 2.1.2 First holographic image of a nude on a magazine cover

  • The TRW team were exploring potential applications of holography in medicine in the late sixties and early seventies. They demonstrated that double-pulsed hologram interferometry can detect anomalies in chest wall movements that may be caused by internal problems. This was demonstrated in double pulsed holographic interferograms of each other produced as they breathed. After Zivi and Humberstone submitted an article for publication in Medical Research Engineering the journal editor contacted one of the team and told him that if he would produce such an image of a woman, he would place it on the cover of the journal. One of the secretaries at TRW came forth and volunteered to be the subject, and she may go down in history as the first nude reconstructed image to appear on the cover of a magazine, the June 1970 issue. Her face is not visible, however, in the published pictures. Subsequently members of the group displayed this hologram in various talks and this was the first hologram of a nude ever seen by many of us in the field.

  • 2.1.3 Holograms of Playboy Playmates-JDT

  • One of the first serious attempts at producing a hologram of a playmate was made by a not so artistic holographer, more interested in technical quality than in esthetics. From a technical perspective, the hologram is excellent, being very bright, noise free, wide angled, and high resolution. The poor playmate looks anything but sexy, being green in color, distorted, and with such resolution that every flaw in her body seems magnified. Her makeup was all wrong for ruby laser light with which the hologram was made. My first impression upon seeing it in a gallery was that the lady was rather ugly.

    One would expect that Hugh Hefner, being a master connoisseur of women, would feel great excitement at what holography has to offer in the way of presentation of the female nude. Apparently, not so. According to second hand information passed on to me from someone who heard it from a playmate, Hugh Hefner was horrified and so incensed by the result that he has been turned off to the idea of holograms of playmates ever since. I hope someday to find out if this is really true.

    Ron and Bernadette Olsen are the masters of playmate holography, having produced many large life sized holograms of playmates. They use a green YAG laser that gives skin a much softer and better color. They have managed to tune the color of their holograms so that it is closer to skin color. Especially with black people, a very pleasing skin color can be created in single color holograms. They introduced an artistic character into their work, paying more attention to makeup, poses, and esthetics. Even still, a major problem with holography is the problem that holograms, unlike photographs, tell the truth. It is difficult, if not impossible, to force a hologram to lie. One cannot airbrush and touch up an image as one can with photography. Until the world learns to accept and appreciate the truth about how people really look, holography will have difficulty. As long as society insists on presenting idealistic and unreal images of people holograms fundamentally have a problem.

  • 2.1.4 The Reagan Portrait

  • The only hologram of a live U.S president is the one of Ronald Reagan, produced by Hans Bjelkhagan and Fred Unterseher. The hologram becomes the subject of several interesting stories.

    Early portrait holograms were made with ruby lasers, the only ones with enough power and coherence to do the job. There are several esthetic problems with ruby lasers for portraits. Certain parts of the body, such as lips and nipples, absorb the red light so the reconstructed images of these parts appear black. Black lips are normally unattractive. To solve this problem models are often made up with green lipstick on the lips (and nipples). It is said that having an ex president with green lips was especially strange.

    Unfortunately, Nancy Reagan never liked the hologram. She thought it made Ronnie look old and tired. Consequently, it has never found an honorable place in the presidential library.

    The Reagan hologram is now a limited edition of 1000 and can be purchased for about $1000.

  • 2.1.5 Woman in a mirror-JDT

  • At MetroLaser we had constructed a holocamera for recording outdoor explosions and impacts for the US Air Force, and it contained the largest commercially available ruby laser. This seemed like an opportunity not to be passed up for recording some portraiture. As always, delivery schedules creep up on you, and we found ourselves with only a week left before the required delivery date and still no studio for portraits.

    We realized that the only way we would be able to get some good results in such a brief time would be to team up with someone who had holographic portrait experience as well as extra equipment we could use to cut down the lead time for acquiring big mirrors and mounts. Fred Unterseher was the perfect candidate, since he had done a considerable amount of holographic portraiture.

    Fred agreed that the opportunity should not be missed and agreed to work for a rather small fee for a few days if he could have a few holograms himself. Our plan was to produce portraits of employees and family and also to produce holograms of a model that I could use in what ultimately could become my "Great Masters" series of work in which I would capture in holograms some of the ideas of the great masters in art.

    Locating and hiring a model in such short notice was the next problem. I called on a photographer friend, Karl, who told me he had contacts with a wide variety of models and could help find the perfect model. He asked me for some specifications, and I gave him the following guidelines:

    We will be doing some nudes, at least from the waist up.

    We would like a petite model, preferably blond because we need to conserve light.

    She should have nice breasts and no marks since we cannot do airbrushing.

    We need her for just a few hours.

    We need her now and really don't have time for interviews.

    "No problem," he responded.

    By the time Saturday had rolled around Fred and I had assembled a rather impressive studio constructed of aluminum scaffolding, large mirrors, and black velvet cloth all fitted into our darkroom. Moreover, we had tested it on ourselves and fine-tuned it to make great portraits. We recorded portraits of a dozen employees and in a few cases entire families, mostly on large format Agfa Gavert film. We reserved Saturday for the model.

    Kim, our model showed up with Karl at noon as planned. Karl was also curious about holography and was willing to offer his advice on the shoot for free. The model was attractive, blonde, and petite, as ordered, although it was pretty obvious that a plastic surgeon had been at work carving her nose to and almost-too-perfect shape and puffing up her lips to an almost-too-sexy condition. Pictures of models and models themselves often diverge drastically, and a good photographer knows exactly how, not only to compensate, but also to exploit what models bring to the party. Since one cannot airbrush a hologram, and you get a few shots instead of thousands, holographic portrait artists require a different kind of talent in bringing out (or, indeed, covering up) the features of model. I was counting on Fred for that sort of help.

    The real shock came when our model removed her blouse to uncover the "nice" breasts I had specified. Apparently, Karl had heard me say "large" instead of "nice". Kim unveiled what had to be the largest breasts I had ever seen. From the wrong angle they appeared like basketballs in bags attached to her chest. Getting this right was a lot tougher than I had imagined.

    Ultimately we produced a wide range of holograms of Kim several of which turned out really nice.

  • 2.1.6 Picasso Derivative-Woman in a Mirror-JDT

  • This holographic portrait was inspired by Picasso's Woman in a Mirror. Picasso produced a portrait of a woman in a mirror in the cubism style. It shows, from a single direction, various aspects of a woman. I would get one up on Picasso by producing a true 3-D image of a woman and then add 3 separate real dimensions by inserting a mirror into the scene. I purchased a large bathroom mirror for the work and stood directly behind the model while holding the mirror. As much experience as Fred and I have had with holography, we were still surprised, delighted and amused upon looking into the reconstructed image. There stood the nude model and her backside showed beautifully in the mirror. What we had not anticipated is that also clearly visible in the reconstructed image was me hiding behind the mirror (which one can look around in a hologram) and Fred in the background operating the laser. We had holographed the entire room.

  • 3 Hologram of the Pope-Related by Craig Newswanger

  • Craig Newswanger, working at Applied Holographics, a company he had cofounded, was contracted to produce a rainbow hologram of the Pope, copies of which would be sold in Vatican museum stores. Production of such a hologram of a person requires, typically, that many images of the person be produced as either the person is rotated within the field of the camera or the camera is rotated about the person to provide multiple perspective views. After considerable thought and engineering effort, Craig assembled a special camera and scaffolding to allow such a process to be made portable and shipped it to Rome.

    Arriving at the Vatican, he uncrated and reassembled the camera in a room provided by the Vatican staff, where he was told to wait while some scheduling would be done. The wait turned out to longer than anyone had expected. The good news about such a delay was that it gave Craig a lot of time to look around the Vatican in places most people may never venture. When the meeting finally took place eight days later Craig explained to the Pope's staff that the Pope should stand in the apparatus while the images were recorded around him. At this time they learned for the first time some extremely dismaying protocol-the Pope would not pose for photography. He would only allow photography while he was performing some function.

    Craig then attempted, without success, to identify actions that are not posed that could be done by the Pope while standing almost stationary inside his camera field of view. With persistent negotiations and discussions leading nowhere, the complete plan fell apart, and it became clear that what was needed of the Pope was not to be had. Not accepting failure, Craig, who had visited the museum store extensively during his eight-day wait, returned and purchased a copy of almost every photo of the Pope in the store. Back in his lab in Van Nuys he scanned the photos into a computer and began the laborious process of searching out perspectives, getting proper sizes, and fitting them in order. He finally produced a holographic stereogram from six of the photos, which ultimately became the souvenir hologram that is available today.

    Not the end of story-

    A few years later, Craig, during a visit to Holomex, a hologram manufacturer in Mexico, was introduced to an artist, who also claimed to be a holographer. When Craig asked him what holograms he had produced, the artist told him he had made a hologram of the Pope. Seeing Craig's expression of disbelief, the artist assured him that he had done so and had a copy of the hologram in his car. Returning from his car, the artist produced a copy of the hologram Craig had created from photographs. Eventually, the artist admitted that while he himself had not produced the hologram, he was one of the original investors in the group that had contracted Applied Holographics.

     

  • 4 Virtual Jewel Thieves-Related by Vladimir Markov

  • In the last part of the 20th Century Vladimir Markov carried a traveling holography show, which had been created by his academy, over a large part of Europe. The show was widely recognized for truly realistic images of museum objects from some of the greatest collections in the Soviet Union. The quality of these holograms is seldom surpassed even today. One of the pieces in the collection was a hologram of a priceless jeweled necklace. So good was the reproduction, appearing like a necklace inside a glass box, that, during a show, a jewel thief, noticing the rather lax security, failed to understand that it was a hologram and not the real thing. Upon opening the collection one morning it was discovered that during the night the thief had used a glass cutter to cut through the hologram with hopes of stealing the jewels inside. Imagine the look on his face upon discovering an empty box.

  • 5 The Virtual Gun-Related by Vladimir Markov

  • On one of his trips in 1990, Vladimir and his co-workers were traveling across two countries when they arrived at a border station. Private citizens were not allowed to own or posses guns, and one of the guards naturally questioned if they were carrying any arms. Vladimir humorously answered positively to the guard, who, becoming upset, demanded to see the arms. Vladimir showed him a large hologram of a pistol. The baffled guard asked how the pistol was put into the glass and how to get it out. After some attempts at explaining holography, the guard offered to trade his pistol for the one in the glass.

    Later, in a show, the guards in the museum insisted for security reasons that Vladimir show them how to connect a security wire to the gun in the hologram before he would be allowed to hang it on the wall.

  • 6 The Cartier Jewel

  • In New York City, in 1970, the Cartier Jewelry Store commissioned a hologram to be produced by artist Bob Schinella, of a hand holding a jeweled necklace. The hologram was placed on a wall so that passers by could see a hand holding a necklace, projected from the wall. In a story that was reported in various newspapers, an overzealous lady passing by was said to have concluded this to be the devil's work and she attacked the hologram with her umbrella. Many of us in holography, believe that this was almost too dramatic to be real. While it may have actually happened the way it was reported, the story also sounds suspiciously like the ingenious work of a talented press agent working for either Tiffany's or for the holographer.

  • 6.1 More on Cartier hologram-Related by John Caulfield

  • The artist, Bob Schinella, related to me that he and the owner watched the crowds from inside the store the first day the hologram was placed in the window. Observers saw the hand of a lovely lady (at least I assume she was, we only saw her hand) reaching out from the window dangling a diamond necklace in the air - very dramatic. As modern swarm theory would predict, groups formed and dispersed throughout the day. As one group dispersed, one of the famous New York City "bag ladies" stayed behind, and seeing that she was alone, tried three times to grab the necklace before retreating in disgust.

  • 7 Princess Margaret story-Related by John Webster

  • John Webster, a scientist who worked with various artists in England to assist with portrait holography. At one point Princess Margaret, who had a special interest in holography visited the laboratories of the CEGB, where John worked. Knowing that she was coming John produced a hologram of a Princess Margaret Rose to give her, and that was the first time he met her.

    Some years later his holograms were on display at an international exhibition in the old Roman city of Bath where she had been invited to open the exhibition. John was at lunch at a restaurant about a mile away. John's meal had just been set before him by a waiter when a policeman entered the restaurant and asked for John. The policeman informed him that Princess Margaret had asked for him personally. John left his dinner to give her a special tour of the exhibit. She told him that she still enjoyed the rose hologram he had given her. That was the second time he met her.

    Some time later John became an Anglican priest in the Church of England. He was attending a service in St George Chapel at Windsor Castle when he found himself kneeling beside Princess Margaret at the communion rail’-the third time of his meeting her. After the service she looked at him with a puzzled look and said, "I know you, don't I?" She was quite baffled by his transformation to priesthood. Again she recalled the hologram of the "Margaret Rose" that John had presented to her many years ago and assured him that she still kept it. It seems strange the effect that holograms have on people.

  • 8 The various histories of holography-JDT.

  • Like many fields of endeavor, the history of holography varies widely according to who tells it, who wins (or survives), and who gets listened to the most. Even when all the facts are available, understanding how things happened and who should get the most credit is highly subjective. Since holography is still relatively young field, its early history is still in the making, and how it gets told to future generations is yet undetermined.

    I was involved in a lecture series on holography at the Institute of Optics of Bogotá in 1992. The series integrated art holography, display holography, and technical measurements. For the first time I got a close look at the holographic art community. Each participant, selected as an expert in his area of the field of holography, might be expected to be completely familiar with the history of holography. When Carmenza Domiguez, an artist, gave a lecture entitled "History of Holography" I was astonished at her vision of the people who would be considered "giants" of the field.

    My list would have included Gabor, Leith, Denisyuk, Upatnieks, Haines, Hildebrand, Stetson, Powell, Thompson, Goodman, Vest, Caulfield, Weurker, Collier, Brooks, and so on. Not only were most of these not on her list, she had never heard of most of them. Her list contained Burkout, Monday, Benton, Hess, Kaufman, Unterseher. I had heard of some of these people since I had developed an interest in art holography later in my career. For the first time I discovered that the art world had its own symposia, family, heroes, and, indeed, history that had a rather small intersection with most of the technical community.

  • 9 Fellows of the SPIE-JDT

  • Sometimes we, as individual technical families tend to overrate our importance in the big picture. I faced several examples of this in the few years that I served as chairman of the Fellows Selection Committee for the SPIE, International Society for Optics. Each year members nominate and sponsor candidates to be awarded the special title of "Fellow". The committee receives and evaluates about 150 extensive nomination packages from which approximately the most impressive fifty are selected and passed on to the SPIE officers for final approval. Five committee members, from all over the world judge and score each package and then debate the final selection in an extensive telephone conference.

    During my term as chairman, Yuri Denisyuk, a founding father of holography, namesake of one of the three basic types of holography was nominated.

    To my absolute amazement, his score on the first polling was frightfully low since none of the other committee members (all well known scientists in the general field of optics) had ever heard his name. Part of the explanation may have been the fact that much science that had been developed in the former Soviet Union was just becoming known to American scientists. Another, part was, of course, more political since promotion to Fellow is a highly competitive phenomenon and complete objectivity is not always possible. Fortunately, a few holdouts changed their votes and Yuri became an honored Fellow as he should be.

  • 10 Yuri Denisyuk meets Harold Edgerton (a Holographic encounter)-JDT

  • I had the honor to meet Yuri Denisyuk on several occasions, several of which resulted in interesting (at least to me) stories. We spent time together in various discussions at the "Benton Vision" seminar in Boston in 2003. On the evening of the Seminar, I noticed that Yuri had not received his nametag and seminar package so I suggested that we go to the front desk and get it. As we walked toward the front desk, we passed a number of holograms on exhibit. Yuri stopped before a holographic portrait of Harold Edgerton, turned and asked me, "Who is this man?" I responded that it was Harold Edgerton. He repled, "I don't know him." Edgerton was one of MIT's most famous former professors, who had invented strobe photography. He had passed away about 10 years earlier. I thought it rather unique that Yuri Densiyuk could learn of and first meet up with Harold Edgerton in this manner.

  • 11 The Buddha Hologram-Related by Joseph Shu

  • There exists an ancient sculpture in Japan (at least one) that is legendary for its mystical powers. For centuries people came from miles around to touch the belly of this sculpture whereupon the believers would feel a powerful psychic energy pass through their fingers. In more recent years such sculptures became much too precious and fragile to present to the casual touch of the common people. Dr. Joseph Shu purchased a hologram that had been produced with the ancient mystical Buddha as a model and presented it to his father as a birthday present. He explained to his father that the light rays emerging from the hologram would be identical to the ones that had left the genuine Buddha. Since the belly of the reconstructed Buddha lay in front of the hologram, Mr. Shu was able to place his fingers in the same space. Upon doing so, his eyes immediately lit up. He could feel the same energy he had felt many years earlier when touching the belly of the authentic statue. Somehow the psychic energy had been captured in the hologram.

  • 12 The UAH Center for Applied Optics-related by Hans Bjelkhagen

  • The Center for Applied Optics at the University of Alabama was founded in 19?? with John Caulfield as the first director. A huge amount of John's energy and time was spent in getting funding and making plans for a new optics laboratory for the center. When finally the new laboratory, one of the most advanced facilities in the USA, was completed, Hans Bjelkhagen visited John and ask him to show off his new laboratory, John's reply was, "I wish someone would show me MY laboratory. Apparently, by the time the building was completed, all of the laboratories had been claimed by members of the faculty.

    Not long after the Center was established, a local photographer published a picture of a rainbow that, as coincidence would have it, had John's office at the rainbow base. John requested permission to use the photograph in brochures of the center, and he provided the photo to the news media with this intent. The photographer refused permission, though not before the photo was published in the local newspapers headlining John's Center for Applied Optics.

  • 13 The T.J. Jeong five-minute lecture on holography-related by Emmett Leith

  • Holographers who are well known for providing efficient optical information handling are not well known for being efficient with words, and session chairmen must be vicious in keeping speakers on schedule. Emmett had organized a session on new methods in holography and included many speakers who were requested to give very brief talks. A speaker could choose ten or fifteen minutes. Most speakers wanted as much time as possible and opted for the 15 minutes. To Emmett's great surprise "This speaker (T.J. Jeong ) asked for only five minutes--absolutely unheard of before. Furthermore, the speaker promised a great deal in this five minutes. He would, the abstract said, give a method of making off-axis holograms with only one beam, in a set up that sued no bema splitters and not mirrors, just the laser, beam expander, object, and recording plated. Furthermore, the hologram recorded the object in full 360 degrees." As incredulous as Emmett was he accepted the request and T.J. "lived up to his promises,..."

    Since that time T.J. has delivered many lectures wherein he produced a hologram for the audience on a tabletop as they watch from an auditorium.

  • 14 Hologram card detector-Anonymous

  • In the heyday of card collecting, companies such as Upper Deck and Topps searched for ways to make specific cards more collectible. One method involved randomly placing "rare" cards in with the remaining cards of ball players, movie stars and so on. Embossed holograms, having additional features of being really different as well as difficult to counterfeit, were included as special prizes in packs of collecting cards. Only about one out of every ten packs contained a hologram card, which therefore became worth much more than the common cards in the pack. An avid collector, John Doe, with whom I was acquainted worked out a variety of procedures to determine which packs contained holograms without actually opening the pack.

    Most of the companies simply added a hologram card to the package making the pack one card thicker than a package without a hologram. By using calipers, Doe was able to determine which pack contained the hologram. Using calipers was not always possible since they were not very stealth, and the process looks rather suspicious. Eventually, Doe devised a metal detector built into a shirt, which would buzz when metal was brought close to it. He could pick up a pack of cards, hold it close to his shirt and wait for the sound in an earpiece. Doe wound up with many hologram cards in his collection.

    The Disney Company produced one of the most difficult packages to crack, since the Disney Characters were packaged in metal-coated packs, with only about one hologram card per case. The Mickey Mouse hologram card became one of the rarest of cards.

  • 15 The Legacies of Denisyuk, Gabor, and Leith-JDT

  • Historians will agree that Dennis Gabor's invention of "The Hologram", in 1947, occurred a long time before anything else exciting happened in the field of holography. In fact, Gabor's invention, itself, was not very exciting or even useful to anyone. Nevertheless, today he gets almost unconditional credit for the discovery of holography, and he received the Nobel Prize for that. The next really exciting events in this field happened fifteen years later, in the works of Emmett Leith, an American, and Yuri Denisyuk, a Russian, independent of and without help from Gabor or each other. Apparently because of the lack of communication between the Soviets and Americans these two individuals were not aware of each other for some time and neither was aware of Gabor. Historians agree that these two men are "giants" of the field and of roughly equal stature (depending upon the historian). Each of these three men discovered his piece of the field independently and laid a solid foundation for the field. Subsequent researchers could build on the fundamental ideas as well as drawing from rapidly emerging publications and discussions with many researchers who quickly entered a budding field. The students of these founders, especially those of Leith and Denisyuk, were some of the major players in expanding knowledge and new ideas in the field.

    Both Denisyuk and Leith had invented something quite different from each other and also different from what Gabor had done; unfortunately for Denisyuk and Leith, all three inventions got classified as the same thing. The reason for this is that the mathematics that describes holography can be generalized to describe all three inventions.

    The Soviets, having concentrated on better recording materials (needed for this kind of holography) from the outset, developed holography along a line that was considerably different than that of Western scientists. Most western scientists relied on large photographic companies for materials (They had adequate, but not really great, materials) and were constrained by a requirement of a commercial market. Better recording materials were not a major issue with Gabor's form of holography.

    Perhaps because Gabor had given the holograms its name, he wound up getting credit (unfairly, in my opinion) for inventing what both Leith and Denisyuk had invented, when, in fact, what he invented turned out to be much less profound or useful. Gabor's invention received almost no attention until Leith's and Denisyuk's inventions were lumped in with it and all called holograms. Close friends to Denisyuk relate how devastated he was when he finally discovered that someone had already "invented" his discovery 15 years earlier.

    It seems a mere coincidence that Gabor's theories, with a considerable extension, generalization, and interpretation cover both Denisyuk's and Leith's discoveries, resulting in his getting credit for the entire field as well as the Nobel prize (only after Leith and Denisyuk did something really great with holography). Most holography scientists living as the history was being developed recognized that what either Leith or Denisyuk did was probably more important, more creative, and for sure, more exciting than what Gabor had done. A sizeable group even attempted to get the Nobel Prize for these two as well. They came pretty close, but a combination of infighting and jealousies amongst other holographers and the Nobel committee's unwillingness to give the award for the "same thing" again, led to failure. It is likely that history will never give these two gentlemen the credit they deserve and will give Gabor the credit he does not deserve. Without Leith and/or Densiyuk, it is likely that the world would never have heard of holography and the Nobel committee would never have heard of Gabor.

    As in many other fields, after the initial seminal developments, many holographers jumped on the bandwagon and laid claim to many important "firsts" in holography. In the nineteen sixties and seventies the word "holography" in a technical paper title almost guaranteed its acceptance for publication. People came up with all kinds of tricks, gimmicks, techniques, new applications, materials, and vouched for the importance of these in making holography do useful things. Here again, the actual importance of any individual contribution is highly subjective, and is subject to the whims of history tellers. One clue in determining the actual importance of an invention might be the number of years that pass before it finds it's way into something really useful.

  • 16 Holography and Royalty-Related by Fred Unterseher

  • The Royal College of Art in London was extremely active in holography in the seventies and eighties. Fred Unterseher tells a story of a visit by an entourage that included Princess Margaret and a few of her guards to a holography laboratory in which he was employed at the time in London. She had expressed desire to see a hologram so a show and tell had been set up in her honor. When she entered the laboratory she was directed to a viewing spot to see the reconstructed image in a large hologram. Fred, who is not known best for neatness, had laser beams running around the table in rather inconvenient paths for viewing.

    Every time Princess Margaret leaned over to look into the hologram she also blocked the reconstructing beam, so she could see nothing. Fred, seeing the problem and not being fully aware of the rules about touching royalty, took her by the shoulders to move her into the proper spot. Needless to say, her bodyguards were not at all pleased with Fred's helpful gesture.

    Among Fred’s other misadventures in his stay in England was his difficulty in Fourier transforming the highway system (driving on the "wrong" side of the road). He totaled two rental cars during his first week in England.

  • 17 National Geographic holograms

  • From March, 1984 to December, 1988 three National Geographic covers featured and promoted holography to many more people worldwide than any previous event. The holograms were created by Kenneth Haines and his team at American Banknote/Eidetic Images. (Haines was the founder of Eidetic Images, later purchased by American Banknote and was the first of many students to graduate from the University of Michigan while working under Emmett Leith, one of the fathers of holography.) Before the National Geographic cover only a few people had ever seen a hologram. Many interesting stories came out of the process. I heard most of these directly from Ken.

  • 17.1 First cover-The eagle-Related by Ken Haines

  • The first NG cover hologram was an eagle, embossed on the cover of the March 1984 issue. But the eagle had already appeared on another much less publicized cover. The wife of the president of American Banknote, who was designing the ABN annual report, had provided the eagle and asked Ken to produce a hologram for that report cover to represent the company’s new product. The model was, unfortunately, almost an inch larger than could be accommodated by the largest embossing master of the day, requiring the wings to be broken and moved closer to the eagle's body. At some point the poor mutilated eagle appeared much less regal and the holographers began calling it their "chicken" model. The hologram was completed and became a great success, producing a very attractive cover that almost everyone saved.

    Then came the National Geographic opportunity with a fuse so short that the best way to meet the tight schedule was to reuse the eagle. Nevertheless, a number of problems, such as alignment of the embossing machine with the cover, remained unsolved for such a huge production. National Geographic had imposed a "drop dead" date on which American Banknote was required to produce 10,000 covers to be given the go ahead. More than once, key people walked away in frustration before returning to the meet the challenge. The team worked all night up until minutes before the NG team arrived for inspection to pass this milestone.

    One subtle mistake made early in production was having the eagle facing to the left. Eventually someone pointed out that an eagle facing to the left is symbolic for defeat, while one facing right symbolizes victory. The mistake was quickly corrected and a new batch of holograms was made. A few copies of the "wrong way eagle" hologram had already been handed out as samples when the rest were destroyed. Copies of the original "Wrong way eagle" hologram are already prized collector's items.

    Successful production of the March 1984 NG holography cover represents a seminal event in the field of commercial holography.

  • 17.2 The Second National Geographic Cover-

  • Basking in the success of the first hologram cover, Bill Garrett, editor of National Geographic, was sold on the concept, and began discussing the production of a second cover for an issue on early man. As fate would have it, a special exhibit of rare fossils was on display at the New York Museum. Ken, who is also a trained anthropologist, was familiar with some of the fossils as well as members of the museum. On the basis of producing such a cover, the museum agreed to loan a fossil to ABN for the purpose of producing the hologram. Ken chose one of the oldest, a 33 million year old fossil, from the Aegyptopithecus period.

    The hologram would be four times as large as the original eagle. On the day of the recording, two guards from the museum appeared at American Banknote, Eidetic Images to deliver the skull. As an anthropologist, Ken was almost emotionally overcome with excitement of having such a rare historical fossil on his holography table. He placed the skull on his table and looked at it over and over for two days before attempting to mount it for recording. The best specimen was lacking a mandible (jaw) so the museum directors selected one from a collection of mandibles and sent it along with the skull. To everyone's amazement the mandible was a perfect fit, as though it really belonged to this fossil.

    Various versions of the Aegyptopithecus were recorded. In one version, National Geographic staff had furnished a set of block letters naming the fossil to be recorded in the hologram. Fortunately, Ken's training allowed him to recognize that the NG writer had misspelled Aegyptopithecus, and the grateful writer thanked him for saving him and the magazine from embarrassment of such a mistake. The master holograms of this fossil are some of the highest resolution recordings ever produced by Ken. They allow a microscopic inspection of the fossil details in the reconstructed image.

    A plan had been laid to have the two guards deliver the fossil to an anthropologist at the New York airport, where the fossil, had its own seat reserved for the flight back to Pretoria, Africa. At the last minute, Ken received a phone call requesting that he personally deliver the fossil to the airport. Ken relates his nervousness, watching the package on the front seat of his car, imagining that if he were to wreck and damage the skull, he would go down in history as the "boob" who destroyed what was considered to be one of the most priceless human relics in existence.

    One week later Kenneth, driving the same route, was involved in a car accident that totaled his car.

    Before the production plan went further it was realized that Aegyptopithecus did not actually represent the period featured in the article, most of which is about the form of man that appeared 30 million years later. At first, it appeared that another fossil, the Taung Child, of the 3 million year old Australopithecus variety, which better represented the feature article, was available. Unfortunately, the schedules were not compatible or sufficiently flexible for the Taung Child to be recorded and it went back to Africa before a more tractable arrangement could be made.

    National Geographic ultimately funded an expedition to South Africa during which Ken set up a laboratory and made holograms on site. The Aegyptopethicus hologram would serve as a back up in case the Taung Child effort failed. At first this appeared to be the case. Ken struggled for weeks attempting to produce a hologram of the same quality as that of the Aegyptopithecus hologram. After nearly four weeks of not so good results he discovered that the Taung child, being a much younger and shinier fossil was maintaining and rotating the polarization of the light, resulting in the black spots that had persisted in the recordings. After fixing this fundamental problem, an acceptable master recording was made, having taken four weeks of work.

    Ken, being somewhat a perfectionist, had his own ideas of what is perfection. Having produced several nickel masters, which were acceptable to every one but him, he finally produced the perfect nickel master, which had eliminated a troubling "swirl" in the bottom right hand side of the hologram. Upon presenting it to Ed Weitzen, president of American Banknote, Ed responded, "It's too late, we already used one of the earlier ones." (The swirl, which is invisible to the casual viewer, can be seen in the published cover.)

    A second milestone in magazine cover holograms came in November, 1985 when National Geographic used the Taung Child hologram.

  • 17.3 The Third National geographic hologram cover

  • The December, 1988, cover represented a number of new "firsts". This was the first time the entire cover of a magazine, both front and back was a hologram. The back cover is a McDonald's ad, the first and only time an advertisement appeared on the cover of National Geographic. This is not an embossed hologram. It was produced by casting, the first time a cast hologram was used on a magazine cover. The front cover is a mulitplex hologram that shows the earth exploding into fragments.

    Attempting to outdo the first two covers resulted in near disaster for several participants. To maintain authenticity required the use of a pulsed laser and precision timing. Ed Weitzen insisted that this specific model, which was not ideal for hololgraphy, be used, and a real action shot be recorded. Although a very striking gold cover was produced the images are not as viewable as the earlier covers and the costs skyrocketed. The final production wound up costing around 25 cents per cover causing the magazine to lose millions of dollars and the editor, Bill Garrett, to lose his job.

  • 18 "Welcome to Russia," Professor Lohmann-Related by John Caulfield

  • Adolf Lohmann, one of the first holographers (preceding both Leith and Denisyuk) is still active in the field. With the world still in the throes of the Cold War, Yuri Denisyuk invited him to visit his institute in Leningrad (Now St. Petersburg). In those days, visiting Russia was a not only unusual but sometimes frightening for Westerners, especially upon passing through Russians customs.

    "What do you have in your briefcase, Professor Lohmann," queried the inspector.

    "I have only a few books, and scientific papers, and also a few holograms I have brought to show my Russian colleagues."

    "You have holograms?! Let me see your holograms!"

    Extracting the holograms and handing them to the inspector, Adolf became distraught as a frightening scene unfolded. The holograms were confiscated, sealed in a bag, and he was ordered to report to the police the next day to explain why he was bringing holograms into the Soviet Union.

    At last through customs and baggage claim he was greeted by Yuri and his guide (a KGB agent). Lohmann immediately explained his problem and confusion. After a brief silence, the two Russians looked at each other and broke into laughter. Finally, they explained that the Russian word hologram is pronounced more like "gologram." The word hologram in Russian sounds more like a word that means "pictures of nudes" or more commonly pornography, which was outlawed in the Soviet Union.

  • 19 The Little Laser that couldn't: Related by John Caulfield

  • John was asked to write an article on holography to accompany the March, 1984 eagle hologram cover, produced by Ken Haines (described above). He was impressed with the extensive technical peer review that followed his submission, and he could only assume that all of the articles would receive similar reviews for scientific accuracy. When the publication finally came out he was stunned by a companion article describing the operation of lasers, written by a staff writer, that apparently had undergone little if any review for scientific accuracy. According to John, the writer describes a device that could not possible produce lasing action. John likens National Geographic to Playboy. Everyone who buys it piously says they are doing so because of the high quality articles, but, in fact, they just want to look at the pictures. Not surprisingly, Ken expressed a similar opinion.

  • 20 Jumpei Tsujiuchi, the hologram thief-Related by John Caulfield

  • Professor Tsujiuchi is recognized as the pioneer of Japanese holography. Many years ago when he first visited Yugoslavia for a hologram meeting, he carried with him a spectacular multiplexed cylindrical hologram he had made. The customs agents, understanding neither holograms, Japanese, or English, became so difficult an obstacle that, in frustration, Jumpei said, "Here. Let me show you. The customs agents were so mesmerized with the beautiful rotating, colored 3D image appeared that they passed him through customs and completely forgot to provide him paperwork that would prove that he had brought it into the country. The real nightmare began as he left the country and was required to prove that he was not attempting to steal Yugoslavia's art. When things began to look grim his quick-thinking Yugoslav host saved the day by "admitting" that it was Yugoslavian property and signing a paper saying that he had sold it to his distinguished guest.

  • 21 Misadventures with Denisyuk-Type Holograms-Various holographers

  • Many of us who began early making Gabor and Leith/Upatnieks type holograms discovered or failed to discover Denisyuk holograms in our own ways before learning that Yuri Denisyuk had already invented and perfected the process long before we did.

    Lasers were low in power, film was slow, and available plates were small. An object had to be placed far enough away from the recording plate to fit in the reference wave, and single wavelength light was required for viewing images. An obvious way, it would seem, to solve some of these problems would be to bring the reference wave in from behind the recording plate. Those who were intimately familiar with Lippman photography might have guessed that this would allow white light reconstruction, though few of us did.

    It would have save many of us a lot of time if we had only learned about Yuri’s work earlier.

  • 21.1 The University of Michigan Group--Related by Ken Haines

  • In the very early days Ken was asked by Al Friesom if he thought a hologram could be made by bringing the reference wave in from behind the plate. Ken thought about it for a moment and answered, "No, I don't think it will work." Al Friesom still kids Ken about this missed opportunity.

    Some time later, still before Denisyuk's work had been discovered by Leith and Upatnieks, they were experimenting with the procedure of bringing the reference wave in from behind the recording plate. A very fortunate accident occurred because the laser laboratory was in a different building from the darkroom. In bring a developed plate back to the laser laboratory, Juris happened to glance at the developed plate in the sunlight and realized that an image was being reconstructed in white light. They had accidentally rediscovered white light reflection holography.

  • 21.2 Jim Trolinger AEDC laboratory- JDT

  • Joe O'hare and I began producing Leith/Upatnieks type holograms in 1967 at the Arnold Engineering Development Center in Tennessee. Almost immediately it occurred to me that since the plates we were using were nearly transparent that an object could be placed immediately behind the recording plate and illuminated through the plate very efficiently. I was not sure what the consequence of having a reference wave from the direction opposite the object would do but I tried it anyway. Upon attempting to reconstruct the image with the same laser, I could see nothing of interest being reconstructed, not realizing that an emulsion shrinkage had changed the required reconstruction wavelength. After making a dozen or so of these Denisyuk-type holograms (several years before learning about Denisyuk) without success, I gave up and filed them away with other failures. A year passed before I became aware of what I had missed by not persisting and trying various things, like white light reconstruction.

    After learning that white light could be used in reconstructing such holograms, I reexamined the old holograms using a slide projector and indeed saw an image, though still rather dim. Amazingly (to me), I had the holograms all along and just had not figured out how to look at them. I was somewhat excited by the potential that everyone may have one of these hanging on his wall some day. Professor Tom Gee (University of Tennessee Space Institute) and I began researching our new blockbuster holography product and produced holograms of a space ship that projected from the wall. We never arrived at a marketable diffraction efficiency, unfortunately. The required bleaching technology was not known in the US for another few years.

    22 Dali holograms-Related by Jean-Louis Trebillion

    Jean-Louis Trebillion, a French holographer, worked directly with Salvador Dali for several months in producing one of his works, an experience that made Jean-Louis a great admirer of Dali. Dali was extremely fascinated with holograms and produced at least two works involving holograms. Dali, himself, being an admirer of Valasquez, produced a multiplex hologram partially based on Velasquez’s painting "Las Mininas" containing some parts in a collage that also contained the words "Velasquez-Holos". Another work of Dali’s described by Jean-Louis showed four astronauts playing cards and drinking beer. Jean-Louis is a proud owner of one of the pieces. He did not know the whereabouts of the other pieces

  • 23 Parallelisms with Photography-JDT

  • Photography had its origins in the work of many inventors. Imaging (without recording the image) had been around for over 300 hundred years, first in camera obscuras and camera lucidas using pinholes, convex mirrors, and lenses. Efficient methods to save the image remained illusive until the middle of the nineteenth century, although photosensitive materials had been discovered and used in crude forms. Making photography more practical came about with Daguerre and Fox-Talbot with at least two major breakthroughs, fixing the image and the use of the latent image to increase sensitivity. Invention of the photographic negative by Fox-Talbot allowed images to be projected and magnified.

    Fox-Talbot was clever enough to patent his process and his enforcement of the patent caused much irritation, disgust, and ethical accusations among scientists and entrepreneurs of the day. Even so, photography was quickly commercialized and became widespread through the Kodak "Brownie" within twenty years of the first disclosures of photography.

    On the contrary, holography, first invented in 1947, was little recognized, even in the scientific community for another 15 years. The first important patents were granted in the period from 1965 to 1970, and their ownership passed from company to company after several commercial failures and bankruptcies. The first widespread commercial application came with the use of embossed holograms in security and display devices. The basic holography intellectual property rights were purchased by Eidetic Images and were enforced on many commercial ventures attempting to jump onto the embossed holography bandwagon. As in photography this legal activity created considerable resentment and criticism in the holography community.

    Other companies that attempted to collect on patents related to embossed holography application often found their patents unenforceable, because the original work by Leith and his group was so comprehensive.

  • 24 A Dog Named Gabor-Related by Fred Way
  • Fred worked for International Laser Systems in Orlando Florida and was instrumental in promoting holography with frequency doubled YAG lasers in the early 1970’s. The ILS holography YAG laser was referred to amicably (and sometimes disparagingly) as the "Green Weenie" by many of its users. Fred was such a devotee to holography that he named his collie "Gabor". When Fred finally met Dennis Gabor, he proudly told Gabor about his namesake. To Fred’s dismay, Gabor was quick to show his lack of appreciation for that gesture.

  • 25 A Career Looking at Small Particles with Holography-JDT
  • In the 37 years since I first made a hologram in 1967, I have never run out of a new kind of particle field to investigate or a new adventure with holography in a far away place. Every one produced a story of its own. Over 100 applications include;

    First(1967) Holographic particle image velocimetry (Tullahoma, TN. USAF)

    Most recent (2004) Glass shards from a terrorist attack (Natchez MS, USAWES)

    Cloud particles (from airplanes) (Guam, Kwajalein, and USA)

    Rocket motor exhaust particles (Tullahoma, TN. USAF)

    Coal particle devolitilization (Rayleigh Durham, NC, EPA)

    Sprays (Brussels Belgium, Von Karmen Institute)

    Combusting sprays (Nanjing, China)

    Dust (Mohave Desert)

    Insects in flight (Flies, mosquitoes) (Many places, some accidentally)

    FAE bomb droplet dispersions (China Lake, CA, USNWC)

    Snow flakes and Ice crystals (Elk Mountain WY, UofW Weather Observatory)

    Ice crystals (Burlington NH, USCRRL)

    Burning powders (Picatinny Arsenal, NJ)

    Particle shock wave interaction (Seattle WA, Hawthorne, CA, USAF SAMSO)

    Seeding particles in streams (Various)

    Crystals (on the ground and in space) (KSC FL Space Shuttle)

    Microbes and plankton in sea water (Newport RI, NUSC)

    Shrapnel in impacts and explosions (Ft. Walton Beach, FL, USAF)

    Fiber glass (Burlington Iowa to help settle a patent dispute)

    Mineral fiber (Portland Oregon)

    Bubbles (Idaho Falls, ID INEL)

    Rapid Solidification Processing

    Sand blasters

    Exploding droplets

    Flying debris (impact collateral damage)

    Fuel droplets. (rocket motors, diesel engines, fuel tank ullages, injectors)

    Water droplets (rain, irrigation nozzles, fire fighting)

    Nebulizer sprays (Medical devices, particle generators)

    Plankton in sea water (Newport Rhode Island)

     

  • 26 Number of holograms-JDT
  • When I first started making holograms, a long time passed between hologram recordings, and it took several tries to get an acceptable one. These involved set up time and film development, and washing and drying before anything useful could be extracted. In a good day, we could collect a few dozen holograms. Getting the data out of them could take months.

    With time and technology this improved. Using film and vacuum platens allow us to produce hundreds before developing, then thermoplastic recording devices allowed holograms to be produced and examined immediately.

    The real break through came with digital holography. In the first week I began producing digital holograms on a CCD array, I concluded that I made more holograms than in the entire rest of my career.

  • 27 Using a hologram like a window into a previous time-JDT
  • A hologram can be thought of as a window into a previous time and place capturing an instant in time with each hologram. When we first produced holograms in space in 1985, we were not sure what the data would tell us. We extracted as much data as we could from these "windows into space" about crystal growth and how particles move in fluids. As technology improved and new measurement tools and methods became available, we went back to these holograms time and again, making new measurements that were not possible when the holograms were first produced. These holograms are still useful as new theories and tools become available. They allow an investigator effectively to return to space without leaving his laboratory.

  • 28 The first US Space Holocamera-JDT
  • The first US holocamera to fly in space (Spacelab 3, 1985) was designed by NASA and a team at TRW inc, which included Ralph Wuerker.

    Percy Hildebrand and I were hired to do a complete paper analysis of this system with orders to evaluate it and offer design improvement suggestions (which we did). The TRW contract became so expensive and ran so over budget that NASA was forced terminate the contract and pull the system back in house to complete it. As my good fortune would have it, the NASA principal investigator, Ravindra Lal, remembered me from design review meetings and requested that NASA hire me to help finish the job. That began my long association with NASA spaceflight holography, which led to two spaceflights and, thousands of holograms made in space. For years we believed this to be the first application of holography in space until the Soviet Union collapsed and I learned that the Soviets had flown a holocamera in their space station two years earlier.

  • 29 Holography Adventures in Bogota, Columbia-JDT
  • Holography took me to many interesting places and allowed me to work with some truly great people. One of the more unusual ones was Bogotá, Columbia, in the mid 1980’s, working to help establish the Institute of Optics of Bogotá. Bill McGowen, keeper of the Images in Time and Space collection, conceived of the institute, and brought in people to help establish it. Included holographers were Vladimir Markov (the first and last director), Stephen Benton, Fred Unterseher, Carminza Domingues, and me. We worked and played together many hours in building labs, teaching classes, and stirring up publicity. Many friendships and tales came out of this association.

  • 29.1 Holographic Hostages
  • Even then there were concerns about car bombs and kidnappings. Nevertheless we went on several expeditions in our free times. One of the most memorable is an outing with Stephen Benton and Professor Efram Barbosa (National University of Columbia) to the small town of Pasco. We had some concerns because the guerillas were known to operate in some of the villages. Efram was attempting to convince Steve and me that we were safe here. He said, "This town is really a safe and honest place." Then he added, "as long as they don’t find out that you are Americans."

    As we were leaving Pasco, Efram commented, that the guerillas did not operate much in this town. Then he added as an after thought, "They did kill the mayor two weeks ago, however."

    Steve and I discovered that taxis in Bogotá were really cheap and a great way to get around the sprawling city. Some of the best shopping centers were on the North side of town, while the National University, where we were lecturing, was on the South. We took several shopping trips during our stay. On the plane back to the USA I discussed the Bogotá safety issue with a Columbian businessman sitting next to me and ask him for advice. In addition to the usual "staying in large groups and not wandering around alone at night", he added "One thing for sure; stay away from taxis, since a lot of these guys work for the kidnappers."

  • 29.2 Holographic Terrorists?
  • On one occasion, when Fred Unterseher and I were setting up a holography laboratory in the Gold Museum of Bogota to record holograms of Inca gold, I lingered behind to retrieve developing chemicals from the car boot as the others entered the museum. Suddenly, as I turned around with an armload of chemicals I found myself face to face with a terrified, screaming (in Spanish) Columbian soldier brandishing an Uzi, aimed directly at my head. Suddenly I remembered the local problem with car bombers. Fortunately, the bank officials rescued me before the soldier had a chance to eliminate his first terrorist of the day.

  • 29.3 Holographic Gold Thieves
  • The Gold Museum recording episode came to a sudden stalemate when the museum director saw the quality of the holograms we were prepared to produce. She immediately ordered that nothing would leave the museum until legal hologram ownership agreements could be produced. At one point she told us that "The Spaniards came to Columbia 400 years ago and traded mirrors for our gold. Now the Americans want to steal away our gold in holograms." Apparently, she felt that having gold inside a glass hologram was not much different from having it inside a glass case in a double walled safe. When the hologram is good enough, I think she could be right.

     

    New Stories after 20 July, 2004

     

  • 30-The Gold Pectoral of Ukraine

    The Gold Museum in Kiev, Ukraine, is home to the famous and magnificent, gold pectoral, an intricately carved necklace of sorts, fashioned for a Scythian chieftain circa 300 BC, a perfect subject for holography. Now priceless and a national symbol, the pectoral was discovered in the 1980s by an extremely lucky archaeologist in a pillaged Scythian burial site, somehow having been overlooked by the grave robbers. The architect, who was leaving the dig for the day because rain had created so much mud, felt something unusual as his foot sunk deep into the mud. What he had stumbled onto was one of the greatest finds in Ukrainian history. The pectoral now shows up in many art books as one of the first examples of extremely intricate Greek gold carving and a seminal example of the animal style in art. Vladimir Markov and his colleagues in the Instutute of Applied Optics, Academy of Sciences, produced a number of excellent holograms of the pectoral. The holograms, which in many ways are more useful for the viewer than having the real thing, allow anyone, who desires, to view the fine, microscopic details of the many animals, people, and even insects in the pectoral. With an eyepiece and the hologram one can count the whiskers on the two warriors working on a pelt as their weapons hang peacefully to the side, while the closest one is allowed to the actual piece is about a meter.

    I heard a number of interesting stories associated with the pectoral. Copies of the hologram were presented to President Bill Clinton and also to Fidel Castro.After seeing the hologram, Clinton extended his stay in Kiev an extra day to allow his viewing the actual piece. During Soviet times, Vladimir, being a member of the Academy of Arts, had commanded considerable authority at the museum and had been granted permission to produce holograms of the pectoral (and other gold pieces) in a special laboratory set up in the basement of the Gold Museum. Even so, because the pectoral was so revered, a guard was instructed never to let it out of her sight or to allow anyone else to touch it. She placed her chair immediately next to the stable table on which the hologram was being made and could not be persuaded to move further away.

    Noticing that the guard was pregnant Vladimir and his assistant dreamed up a ploy to get her out of the room. Pretending to talk quietly to each other, but loudly enough to make sure she could hear, they began a conversation that went something like this.

    "Have you heard that exposure to laser light is any problem with people?"

    "No, but I have heard that pregnant women exposed to laser light for long periods seem to always have girls."

    The guard, overhearing these words, without comment, moved her chair to the opposite side of the wall. Before the operation was over Vladimir yielded to the temptation and had his photo made wearing the pectoral.

    Secrecy in Holography

    Many projects in holography are funded by companies developing commercial products, and they don’t want their competitors to have privy to information they pay to produce. In other cases artists who develop unique processes sometimes like to keep them close to their chests to keep their art unique. In security holography, the need for secrecy is obvious. Sometimes theses states of affair lead to humorous comments like, “If I tell you how this is done, then I will have to kill you.” (Actually a common expression.) I have run across some rather unique ones in holography.

    Nick Philips and Hans Bjelkhagan have developed some of the most efficient, noise free holographic materials and processes known to the field. In a meeting with Nick and Hans to compare notes, Nick got very excited telling me about his work in this area. Then pausing,, he said “I am working on a new project in this area that I can’t tell you about.” I switched to a discuss a holographic art project in which I was involved, and I could see his eyes light up. Suddenly he told me, “I am working on another really exciting project related to this that I can’t tell you about even more than the one I just told you I couldn't  tell you about.

    New Stories after August 2006

    Holography in the Old Gothic Quarter of Barcelona

    I am always amazed and delighted by the coincidences, synchronicity, and pure magic I encounter in everyday life. My belief is that it happens to anyone who is open to recognize such events. Some people feel that these are messages from God to let you know he is there. I have come to believe that they are provided by some force in the universe to help us deal with problems that also have been provided by, most probably, the same force for us to work on. We are all players in a highly advanced computer program in operation and such events are the work of a kind of programmer who is constantly programming our environment for us to interact with. Call it God if you like. On a vacation in Barcelona, Spain I was presented with such events on both sides and in the middle. Many of them, like the following, are so absurdly improbable that it is really difficult to explain them as coincidences.

    Pauline, Colin, and Alison, and I had split up to explore and shop in the old Gothic quarter of Barcelona and we agreed to reunite in one hour for coffee in a shop near our starting point. After thoroughly enjoying myself by simply wandering the streets, inspecting the architecture, and window shopping, I rejoined the group. Sipping coffee in the coffee shop, everyone but me had recently acquired treasures to show off.  When everyone looked quizzingly at me, I commented that while I liked looking in all the shops I had not seen anything I would want to purchase. Alison then informed me that I must buy something before leaving so we should go out again even if just for a few minutes. I supposed that she had seen something that she wanted to go back for, and I answered her challenge by jokingly commenting that I would buy some nice holograms if they showed up during my next foray. This brought on a good laugh and reply in unison from the group “YEAH, RIGHT! A hologram shop right here in the Old Gothic Quarter”.

    Leaving the coffee shop in the direction opposite to the one I had previously taken, I encountered a square named St. Jaume Square (Catalonian for my name, James). Leading away from it among another half dozen streets was Calle St. Jaume, which I chose to walk because it was named after me. As it could only happen to me, the first store on the street at Jaume 1 is Museu D’Holographia-Barcelona, a tiny little hologram shop. I looked up to the sky and said “God, you really enjoy doing this kind of stuff to me, don’t you"? When I reunited with the group a few minutes later they were all stunned when I showed them my newly acquired holograms.

    I occasionally wonder if it will still be there the next time I return or has it been deleted from the program and replaced with something needed for someone else to experience.

     

    Ken Haines and the Clean Table

     Ken Haines is the best experimentalist I ever worked with, and I wish I could say that I had learned his secret by working with him.  But being like Ken would take a discipline that is far beyond my capacity.  He has a drive to achieve the ultimate, and he usually does just that.  Holograms that he produced were absolutely the best and embossed holograms produced under his direction were almost always remarkably better than any of his contenders. One of the reasons he is a good experimentalist is that he is also an excellent theoretician, and he always has theories that drive experiments. 

    One of his most delightful idiosyncrasies is the following: When Ken assembles an experiment, one of the last things he does before actually conducting any experiment is to remove absolutely everything that is not needed in the experiment from the table. This includes tools, allen wrenches, coffee cups, pencils, pads, and so on. He is religious about this. I eventually got use to this requirement when working with him and prepared for the ritual of removing all items from the table that were not needed to run the experiment, including things that were bolted down on the opposite side of the table well out of the way.  In one of the last jobs we did together, we had a 4X8 stable table, one of those with holes drilled and tapped on one inch centers all over the top, covered with optics of every variety and three lasers all securely bolted down. When we were set up and ready to go, I went through the clean up ritual even before Ken mentioned it. As I began turning on all of the equipment I could tell that something was still bothering Ken. I paused for a minute and ask him, “Is something wrong?”

     Ken stood there with a really troubled look and I could tell that he was hesitating to admit that something really was bothering him. Finally, he gave in. “Okay, just please humour me.” Then he picked up an allen wrench and moved to the other side of the table. Someone had put a screw into one of the 4324 holes in the table top that was serving no purpose in our experiment. After Ken removed it, he was relieved and the experiment could proceed.

     

    Bright Lasers and Dim Safety Officers

     As related by Vance Deason

    As an employee of the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory (INEL), one of the nation’s leading centers for nuclear reactor engineering, Vance pioneered a variety of applications of holography in the nuclear industry. As with most government agencies he also had to contend with a huge safety bureaucracy that sometimes defies common sense, especially in the early days of lasers when standards in laser safety were inconsistent and meaningful rules had yet to be established.  Laser pointers that can be purchased in electronics stores today had to be treated as lethal weapons in some laboratories where overzealous safety bureaucrats went over the top. Because nuclear reactor safety rules are extremely complex, Vance had learned through years of experience about bureaucracy and he was well prepared for the safety branch to review his procedures for operating a holography system that had been developed to inspect welds.  To simplify the inspection Vance had made a complete video of the system in operation, showing operators and the steps for safely operating the system.  He figured one look at this and the safety officer will be convinced, would sign off on the setup and be on his way.

     When the safety officer arrived, Vance showed him the laser holography setup, flashing lights, interlocked doors, safety goggles, and described some of the operation before moving to the conference room where the video was set up. When everyone was comfortably seated he started the video.  It was a Hollywood production with cameras panning over the operators, all wearing safety goggles backed up by red flashing lights in the background and then zooming in on the laser as a countdown could be heard, "Three, Two, One, ....". . At the point the safety operator jumped from his chair and shouted, “STOP, STOP, we should all be wearing safety goggles, and this room does not have safety interlocks.  

    So much for a quick sign off.

  •            

    Raisin Bread in Space

    as related by Robert Nichols

    The science editor of the Orange County Register News visited us to do a special article on Orange County Companies who are involved in space research. He first interviewed me for about half an hour. One of our more interesting space projects, which I attempted to explain to him was the three-dimensional recording and analysis of particle fields in space using holography. He was having considerable trouble understanding what I was explaining so I called in Robert and Frank, who are doing some experiments and asked them to show the reporter some examples and explain to him. They took him to the lab and I forgot all about the story until the next day, when I saw Robert at the coffee pot.

    Robert explained how difficult it had been to explain to the reporter. They would scan through a three dimensional image produced by the holograms we had made in space, focusing on particles one by one until they scanned the whole volume, showing how we could track particles precisely in three-D, measuring microgravity effects on particle motion. The reporter had considerable difficulty understanding what we were doing, until Frank came forth with a good analogy that cleared things up.

    Frank said, "Consider if you had a loaf of raisin bread and wanted to find the distribution of raisins in the bread. You could slice it off in thin slices one by one until you had located each raisin. How we can do the same sort of thing optically with lasers, slicing a three-dimensional image up optically until we find all of the raisins, and we don't have to touch the space where the bread is. "Oh, I see now," said the reporter, "That clears up everything". Today, we got the galley proof of the MetroLaser portion of his article. It read something like the following.

    "Not all of the Orange County Companies involved in space are large. Take MetroLaser Inc., for example, a thirty-five man company in Irvine. This group of scientists produce extremely high tech and esoteric solution to all kinds of measurement problems using advanced optics and lasers. These brilliant, if a bit nerdy, scientists are providing solutions that make life easier for astronauts in space. They have developed an advanced method for slicing raisin bread in microgravity that is so sophisticated that they can tell where the raisins are even before the bread is sliced." My first reaction was "Robert...............tell him it's perfect. Print it." Unfortunately, Robert had already explained to the reporter that MetroLaser does not slice bread in space.

               

    Smoke and Mirrors

    In the early days of laser applications, many scientists still smoked. It was common practise to use cigarette smoke to align and trace laser beams in laboratory set ups. Some people said you couldn't work with lasers unless you smoked. Joe O'Hare, an AEDC engineer I worked with, was a cigar smoker and he always had a cigar going when working with a laser setup. Eventually, I followed suit and switched to cigars because they lasted longer and produced more smoke. Often when working with large setups we would leave cigar butts in the rafters or other remote places that beams of light were passed. We often joked that someday, people all over the US would begin to wonder where all the cigar butts came from. Before long we began to recognize that our mirrors and lenses were scattering more and more light and finally it dawned upon us that we were coating the optics with tobacco films. This put a halt to using cigar and cigarette smoke for laser alignment. After that we used various, non polluting aerosols to visualize laser beams. Various optical engineers discovered this problem at different times, but eventually, the word got around to everyone. Even so, years later, I still occasionally encountered a group using  tobacco smoke for beam tracing.

     

    Holographic Tire Testing-As told by Jim Trolinger

     By the early 1980’s I had made holograms of just about everything except tires, which at that time appeared to be one of the few success stories in commercial holography. Not long after we had started MetroLaser I finally got the chance to do tires. It came with a phonecall from a plant manager, I will refer to as Mike, at Michelin Tires in Cerritos, which was about 30 miles from MetroLaser. Mike was in somewhat a panic because a holographic tire tester that he had purchased from GRC had stopped producing holograms. On a previous occasion when this had happened he had hired George Grant to come and repair it, which not only cost him a lot of money, but also caused several weeks of delay in the process and created a huge backlog of recapped aircraft tires that were required by law to be holographically inspected.

     Newport Corporation had purchased GRC and no longer offered the tire tester as a product, but friends at Newport had given Mike my name as someone who might be able to help. He expressed the desire to have someone in the area that he could put on a retainer to call whenever problems arose. “The system has worked quite well and we rarely have problems with it, but when we do, it causes serious production delays. There are however, a lot of little things that should be refined, realigned, and adjusted regularly, and you could do that as part of the service we contract you for.”

     I drove to Cerittos the next day and met with the Mike who showed me the holography inspection room. “Everything was working well until summer got here, then without warning, we stopped getting holograms on the developed film. It probably has to do with temperature,” he added.

     Mike ran the system through its routine, produced a strip of holograms and showed me that nothing could be seen in the holograms. The system was pretty dirty, not well aligned and in bad need of general maintenance, but none of these problems would cause a complete failure to produce a hologram. I immediately suspected a vibration problem, which is usually only reason for getting not even a bad hologram. So I started looking for a source. It was then I realized that there was a huge floor fan blowing across the apparatus. “How long has that fan been there?” I asked.

     “Oh, the guys just moved it in last week. It gets really hot in here in the summer.”

     “That is most likely your problem,” I told him. “Let’s turn if off and try again.” Sure enough, the holograms came out not perfect, but usable.

     Mike was elated that the problem had been solved so easily and he could get on with production. I recommended that I do a complete system maintenance. “Okay, put together a little proposal and I’ll submit it to my management,” he responded, thanking me profusely as I left. But thanks was all I received from the visit.

     Weeks passed after I had submitted a proposal with no response when finally I gave Mike a call to inquire about this “retainer” idea he had mentioned. His response was not what I wanted to hear.

     “Well, Jim, we moved the fan and all the problems went away. We haven’t had any problems since, so I don’t think we will need you after all.” So I wrote the whole thing off as a bad screwing that we have to accept every now and then just to be in the business.

     Almost a year passed when Mike called again. He began by apologizing for what he had done before, and then told me that the system had stopped producing holograms again. He promised to pay me for my time and have me do a general maintenance on the system if I could just get it working again.

     At the time I was extremely busy and did not have time to work on the system maintenance so I called Don Broadbent, another holographer, who lived nearby, to help. Don and I drove to Cerritos together, and I related my previous experience at Michelin Tire recapping.

     Once again, Mike described how the system had been working perfectly until they recently cleaned up the laboratory, after which it was incapable of producing holograms. He ran the system through a recording cycle and once again produced exposed pieces of film that clearly were not holograms.  “I think they must have knocked something out of alignment,” he suggested. Don and I both were already concluding that a new source of vibration had been inadvertently added in the cleaning process.  

    We walked around the table, and both saw it at the same time. Someone had propped a block of wood under the umbilical cord to the system, which sat otherwise isolated on the stable table, essentially connecting the floor mechanically to the table top. We looked at each other, smiled, and said not a word. I made a lot of notes and estimated that Don could maintenance it and get in working in an estimated three days of work. Mike insisted on having a fixed price to get the system working, and he happily signed a fixed price purchase order with an extra day thrown in just in case unseen difficulties arose.

     Don returned, cleaned up and realigned the system and removed the board propping up the umbilical cord. According to Mike, he had never seen the system work as well before and he was happy even though Don finished in two days and Mike had paid for four. 

     Even after that he still never gave us a retainer.

     

     

     

    The History of Aerospace Holography from My Perspective

    by

    James D. Trolinger, B.S., M.S., Ph.D, Holoknight, WWT

    May , 2004

    Holography was purportedly invented by Dennis Gabor in 1947. I was in the second grade, just entering my first art contest, fully convinced that I would be an artist when I grew up. By the time of high school graduation, reality had set in, the Soviets had launched Sputnik, the space race was on, and I was accepting a scholarship to the University of Tennessee to study physics. Better yet, accompanying the scholarship was an immediate internship at the Arnold Engineering Development Center (AEDC) in nearby Tullahoma, Tennessee, the primary U.S. Air Force test center for aircraft and spacecraft. The center operates wind tunnels for flight simulation, rocket stands for testing, engine cells for simulating jet engine flight, vacuum cells for simulating space, and launchers to simulate ballistics.

    My father had helped build the center, with several of the facilities comprising captured, World War II German hardware. With an entire nation being focused on space and competition with the Soviet Union, this was, for a high school student, like heaven on earth. If I could maintain a high grade point average at the University of Tennessee, I could alternate work at AEDC and school and rub elbows with the new elite class of scientists and engineers.

    I began with a non destructive test group and eventually moved into a group that provided the optical instrumentation for wind tunnels and shock tubes, experiences that shaped my career as much as the scholarship and the formal education that went with it. I loved optics, high-speed cameras, schlieren systems, and interferometers, and had decided early on that optics had a good future for me, even before lasers had arrived on the scene, and their invention in my third year of college enhanced the opportunity even more. We could only read about lasers at first since none were commercially available for a few years, but I began imagining how to use them long before I could own one.

    Following undergraduate work I spent two years at Louisiana State University (They paid better) learning quantum mechanics and that high-energy physics was much less exciting than optics. So I returned to Tennessee to pursue a PhD at the University of Tennessee Space Institute (which had been established near AEDC to support space science) while continuing to work at AEDC in the Center's elite research group of the Director of Engineering. An advantage of this position was that I could work in any laboratory in the entire center. All of these are instrumented with the best diagnostics possible, and I had landed in a group tasked to find new generations of advanced diagnostics. I was in the first PhD group of three to receive degrees at UTSI.

    The timing could not have been better. My first involvement with holography began in 1967 when I chose to make it one of the new diagnostics to implement in the center. My colleagues in holography at AEDC were Joe O’Hare, Mike Farmer, and Ronald Belz. Both Mike and Ron did Ph.D. dissertations at the University of Tennessee Space Institute in holography applications, and I was a member of their committees.

    The aerospace industry was prime territory for applying lasers and holography. Part of the reason may have been because the aerospace industry was booming in the late fifties through the seventies, having been boosted by Sputnik. Optical instrumentation groups in the aerospace industry were some of the first people sufficiently funded to be able to afford lasers. The two major fronts were powered by NASA, in a race to put satellites into orbit and to go to the moon and beyond, and the military, who were trying to build defenses as well as offensive weapons in a race against the Soviets. Funds were fairly easy to come by for new research, and especially my friends in NASA had practically unlimited materials budgets, so much that they sometimes had difficulty spending the money. (The NASA Marshal Space Flight Center is in Huntsville, Alabama, about 70 miles Southwest of AEDC and the UT Space Institute.)

    Advanced optics was already in use, when lasers and holography were invented, and optical engineers were always pushing the limits. The theory of coherent optics was already highly developed simply because it was simpler and easier than incoherent optics. Lasers just made the theory practical for the first time since usable amounts of coherent light had not been available before. This is one of the few examples in science where an almost fully developed theory was ready and waiting for the experimental hardware to arrive. Usually, experiments lead the way and provide observations needing theories. The availability of a good theory made experimental advancements happen much faster, and the field of applied optics benefited greatly.

    Almost every optical theory and method that had been produced experienced a quantum leap when high intensity coherent light became available. There were so many possibilities that it was hard sometimes to maintain focus on any one of them. Many NASA groups and DOD groups began to look at holography as a way to make revolutionary improvements in diagnostics and inspection. At NASA Marshal Space Flight Center in Huntsville, a group sprang up around 1969 that included John Williams, Bob Kurtz, Bob Owen, and William Witherow. At least two these are still doing holography after thirty years. (William Witherow helped develop a new holocamera that is slated ultimately to fly in space.)

    Holography provided a capability to record in 3-D and make all kinds of intereferometry possible, where it was not practical before. The basic idea was that one could record the wavefront and decide later what kind of diagnostics to employ, because the wavefront had all of the optical information in it. This feature offered a huge payoff for short-lived events, events spread out over a large volume, and events occurring in remote places, where diagnostics equipment could not be operated.

    In the late 1960's and '70's, spurred on by the invention of lasers and lots of money in the sciences, applied laser and optical component companies sprang up everywhere. These often grew out of university groups where graduate students made their own equipment to save money. Some grew out of government laboratories. Optical component companies like Jodon (offspring of University of Michigan, started by John and Don Gillespie) made significant innovations both in utility and lower cost than older established companies like Gaetner.

    A huge market in versatile components and optical tables emerged with Newport Corporation (offspring of Caltech, started by Dr. Milton Chang and associates), who popularized self-leveling, air supported, honeycomb tables with screw holes every inch. Stable tables at that time largely comprised huge granite tables that were extremely expensive and not very versatile. The self-leveling, relative low cost, honeycomb table of Newport became ubiquitous after 1970 in holography labs all over the world because they offered an affordable solution to the vibration problem for laboratory holography as well as other fields.

    Before 1970, three major aerospace companies to get involved with holography in a big way were Hughes Research, where the first operating laser was invented by Theodore Maiman, TRW, a major military contractor, and MacDonnell Douglas, who had bought Conductron, an earlier failed effort to commercialize holography.

    Among other applications, Don Close and his group at Hughes developed, under a NASA contract, a holocamera to place on the moon in planned lunar explorations. The idea was that surface details could be recorded in holograms and brought back for detailed analysis easier than the materials themselves. In the end the holocamera results were not good enough to allow it not make the cut in the lunar exploration toolbox.

    Maiman had left Hughes and started a ruby laser company, Korad, which was soon purchased by Union Carbide, who produced the crystals. In 1967, AEDC purchased our first ruby lasers from Korad to be used in optical diagnostics and we took laser classes from Maiman and his group at the company in Santa Monica. I was introduced to Maiman in one of my visits, and thought of him as just another guy selling lasers. I think I was not even aware of his importance in the field, since Schawlow and Townes were the guys I had heard about most. Other ruby laser companies, i.e. Optics Technology, did not last very long because their lasers were expensive and not very reliable.

    Interestingly, while history is in the making, the historical importance of specific people and companies is not always obvious.

    In 1968 I attended the first SPIE conference in holography in San Francisco, sponsored by the Air Force, and met Brian Thompson, Ralph Wuerker and other heavy weights for the first time. For me this meeting was especially inspiring, having met both of my heroes in holography. I exploded with pride when Thompson, during his talk, actually mentioned my work at AEDC on holographic particle velocimetry(1) This was a landmark meeting, bringing aerospace scientists together with the founders of holography, including Lieth, Thompson, and Upatnieks. Of course I had respect for Leith, Upatnieks, and even Stroke, but to me they were academicians. I was interested in field applications.

    The controversy between Stroke and Leith was at its peak at this time and the politics of the meeting were already obvious. The first speaker was Kirkpatrick, the oldest American holographer. Next came Lieth, then Stroke. I imagined how much thought the organizer, Brian Thompson, must have put into this arrangement since the battle was known by most people by this time. Kirkpatrick gave a history of holography that was rather curious and he failed to even mention Leith or Stroke.

    This meeting began my friendship with Ralph Wuerker and Brian Thompson that was active for many years. Especially, Ralph Wuerker and I visited each other, crossed paths, and compared notes many times during the subsequent years. Nearly twenty years later we worked together in designing the first holocamera that America would fly in space,(2)

    One of the highlights of the 68 SPIE meeting was a banquet talk by Arthur Schawlow. He was an excellent and very funny speaker, appearing as though he enjoyed his own speech as much as we did. He opened his talk by holding up a small HeNe laser (about 18X4 inches was considered small) and then projecting an overhead with a diagram describing how a laser works. He described the laser as a solution looking for a problem and commented that he, Charles Townes, and others sat around at first and wondered what possible use there would be for such a device. Then he non-challantly began using the laser as a pointer, which drew a big laugh from the audience. No one had ever seen a laser pointer, and his appearance of just now discovering the problem to be solved was really funny. He then pulled out a hand held pulsed ruby laser that he used to pop a black Mickey Mouse balloon inside a clear one. After mentioning the military thoughts on death rays, with tongue in cheek, he described a counter measure called a DASER (Dark Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation), with an associated viewgraph showing a black beam leaving the daser, which drew another big laugh. Finally he moved to holography, the subject of the conference, and he concluded that holography must be the problem for which the laser was the solution.

    By 1970 Ralph Weurker and his group at TRW, having constructed their own ruby laser, began an almost endless stream of potential applications of holography and came up with ways to apply ruby lasers even before they were very good coherent sources. They did this by matching reference wave pathlength (relaxes temporal coherence requirement) and ray to ray mixing (relaxes spatial coherence requirement). I always admired and tried to imitate Ralph’s abilities to field ruby laser holography in the wildest of field applications. By 1980, he had placed a holocameras in a simulated nuclear explosions in the New Mexico desert, rocket motor exhausts, and had even produced holograms of medieval paintings.

    TRW Group members included Ralph Weurker, Bob Brooks, Lee Heflinger, Arvel Witte, Bob Apprahamian, Sam Zivi, and others. They built a series of holocameras that were used in flow diagnostics and spray diagnostics. I think they were the first to use double-pulsed holographic interferometry. I often heard the claim that the first double pulsed holographic interferogram was the result of an accidental double pulsing of the laser (That was a common occurrence. Ruby laser holographers got holographic interferograms whether they wanted them or not.) TRW looked at military, biological, medical, and industrial applications. Holographic interferometry offered new ways to do non-destructive testing and new possibilities for analyzing flows around aircraft models, and analyzing three dimensional particle fields of all types.

    The first holography application at AEDC (1967) was holographic particle image velocimetry (Tullahoma, TN. USAF) to measure flow fields. This technique was used extensively but was never sufficiently automated and was ultimately replaced largely by digital particle image velocimetry, or PIV, a non-holographic procedure that has become an industry standard and a great commercial success. A few researchers still persist in using holographic PIV. We have even made plans to fly a holographic PIV system in space.

    Other particle holography applications at AEDC were for the study of sprays, fuel injectors, and a never-ending array of particle fields,. We could use inline (Gabor) holography for this, making it very easy to apply. My first hero in this area was Dr. Brian J. Thompson, who had already used the methods in developing a commercial fog analyzing system of Tech Ops Inc, known as a fog disdrometer. During the same period I began to study the work of Dr. Ralph Wuerker and began planning to apply these methods at AEDC,,.

    Pulsed holography in such applications would be a must. The only laser candidate was ruby, which was not a very good coherent sources at first, having both poor spatial and temporal mode structure. Since I was one of the first people planning on doing holography with a Korad laser, I managed to get special treatment, help and advice from the Korad group, who included Marti Phillips, Ed Gregor, James Boyden, and Hal Walker.

    Making the laser sufficiently coherent was a non-trivial exercise. Being a three level laser made it inefficient and unstable when operating near threshold where a single mode might be expected to lase. Cleaning up the coherence required unstable, unpredictable, cryptocyanine dye cell q switches and etalons in the cavity. These were not well developed for several years and required a lot of trial and error. Tricks, like inserting a transverse mode-selecting aperture that are common now, represented major breakthroughs at the time. Equally important was the discovery that we could spatial filter the pulsed laser beam to improve spatial coherence and beam uniformity even more. Eventually, diamond pinholes became available removing the requirement of replacing the pinhole regularly. Temperature controlled, tunable etalons were not commercially available. Fortunately Union Carbide had learned how to grow high quality ruby crystals. In buying a laser, we had to pay a lot more to get the best ruby rods.

    Another severe problem was recording materials. At first Kodak 649F was the only game in town. It was very slow and not very usable with the ruby laser wavelength. When Agfa Gaveart came out with sensitized emulsions, holography took a great leap forward. Kodak introduced a few other films, like Kodak SO173 that were extremely useful with ruby laser holography. Even Polaroid PN film was usable to some extent.

    At AEDC we set speed records recording holograms of particles and projectiles in flight at hypersonic speeds. One unique facility was a dust erosion facility that simulated a missile reentry through a dust cloud at hypersonic speed. The challenge was to measure the dust density, size, and velocity hitting the model. We had to invent a double-barreled ruby laser that could fire twice and produce two holograms in less than a microsecond. The data we collected was used in designing nose tip shields.

    In cooperation with the U.S. Army, we installed windows in a diesel engine and made the first holograms inside an operating diesel engine to observe fuel sprays. We repeated this application in the laboratories of Detroit Diesel Allison Division.

    Detroit Diesel Allison (now part of General Motors?) maintained a holography group that continued applying holography for at least 10 years, headed by Bob McClure and Dave Monnier.

    There seemed to be no end to different kinds of particle fields one could examine. The excitement about viewing dynamic things microscopically in 3-D was a driving force. I never ran out of different kinds of particle fields to record usefully with holography with a list of over 100 different kinds of applications that took me to around the world. The amount of work and complexity in reducing the data to something really useful was largely overlooked at first. In many cases we would do it once then move on to another application when reducing the data for a given problem became too overwhelming for the method to become routine. We were simply solving one of a kind problems over and over. We measured particle size, velocity, and density in rocket exhausts, fuel sprays, icing test facilities, and reentry facilities.

    During the same period Joe O'hare and I began applying holographic interferometry to examine flows in wind tunnels. Joe was the head of an optics group in the Center's hypersonic wind tunnel facilities and had ready access to a wide range of testing. Our first efforts were largely "bootlegged" attempts made unofficially during tests that were run at night. Eventually, holographic interferometry became a popular method for experimental tests. Most of Wuerker's applications used diffused light since he could cover larger fields with rather poor quality optics. We had high quality, large schleiren mirrors already available that we exploited building upon already highly developed schlieren and interferometry procedures and developed the first uses of holographic schlieren systems. We also had a continuing supply of high visibility test articles, like the Space Shuttle, that gave us an opportunity to provide necessary data that engineers were happy to see.

    Being a part of the U.S. Air Force provided me the opportunity to apply holography in other aerospace facilities around the country on location in such companies as Boeing, Northrop, and McDonald Douglas. This also gave me access to the work in other Air Force and NASA laboratories. At Wright Patterson AF Base a holography group was run by Gene Maddux, who was applying holography to test turbine blades. The Wright Laboratories also did some groundbreaking work in producing holographic interferometry of rotating turbine blades by derotating the blade image. George Havener duplicated one of the systems we had developed at AEDC and made many classic holograms in the Wright Patterson AF Base wind tunnels. Being an aerodynamicist by training, he was able to better popularize the applications to aerodynamicists.

    Holography was always difficult to employ in such studies and we could never seem to hand off the measurements to others. After the original specialists left AEDC, holography was largely abandoned and is rarely used there today.

    In 1968 while working at AEDC I was also an associate professor of physics at the University of Tennessee Space Institute, and worked with two professors there, Dr. F.M. Shofner and T.H. Gee to develop a short course in holography to help kick off a holography group at the university. Among the lecturers were Juris Upatnieks and John Devilis (author of one of the first books on holography) as lecturers to give depth to the course. During the next few years we continued the short courses and taught regular courses in coherent optics and holography to provide an academic background to engineers at AEDC.

    In the beginning of the space era, all of the services and NASA sponsored some kind of space program so there was a lot of money in space. The Space Institute benefited from this greatly since in addition to money some of the astronauts came there for schooling. Possibly the strongest student in any of the classes I taught was Henry Hartsfield, an astronaut who came to the Space Institute after his program "Manned Orbiting Laboratory" or MOL was cancelled by the Air Force. He went on to fly several space shuttle missions and headed the astronaut program for many years.

    The big university plan was to make a major optical holography institute within the university. Within a few years Shofner left to start a new company and Gee succumbed to cancer, so the dream never came to pass.

    Our university team gave me my first exposure to European holography in 1971 with a meeting we helped organize at the Von Karmen Institute in Brussels Belgium, through NATO's AGARD (Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development). Holography applications in aerospace seemed quite rare at the time in Europe. I believe that the only holography talks were given by Americans.

    As a result of that meeting I took on a commission from AGARD to write an "AGARDograph" reviewing optical diagnostics throughout the NATO countries, giving me a good look all over Europe. The commission gave me a red carpet visit to places like Rolls Royce in England (Rick Parker, Bernard Hockley, and Peter Bryanston Cross were doing holography inside jet engines to observe flow fields and blade vibration: Loughborough University (John Tyrer was doing holographic interferometry for vibration analysis and Nick Phillips was developing advance bleaching methods); The German French Institute of Saint Louis (Paul Smigielski, Gunter Smeets, Bernard Kock, Hans Pfeifer, were doing similar work to my own work at AEDC) and ONERA (The Office of Aerospace Research) in France (Claude Veret was doing holographic interferometry of flow fields). I was stunned at the amount of work being done in Europe by this time by very strong research teams. Some of these people are still at it thirty years later, i.e. Nick Phillips at DeMontfort University in Leicester, Peter Bryanstan-Cross in Warwick University, Paul Smigielski in a private company he started, John Tyrer, still at Loughborough.

    A strong effort in holography was under way at Ford Research in the early '70's headed by Karl Stetson, one of the first to graduate from Emmett Leith's group and the first person to produce a holographic interferogram. The Ford research applied holographic interferometry to a wide range of vibrational mode studies and to tire testing. Holography got major publicity for a role in solving a Ford (Linx?) transmission noise problem by locating modes that could be dampened with stiffeners. Karl hired Jon Sollid, who, with Gordon Brown and Mitch Marchie, continued the work at Ford after Karl left to join United Technologies, where his contributions to aerospace holography intensified. For the next twenty plus years, he developed a wide range of applications of holography, including derotated image holography of turbine blades. In studies supported by Wright Patterson Air Force base, he developed optical devices that could essentially freeze the image of a rotating object by derotating the image, allowing holographic interferometry of blades rotating at very high RPM's. He was one of the first to recognize and exploit the difference between electronic speckle pattern interferometry and true TV holography.   Stetson started his own holography company, PCHOLO http://www.pcholo.com/ , which continues today,  Sollid is a consultant in Santa Fe, New Mexico, Brown is retired in Florida, and Marchie is a consultant.

    The first Gordon Conference on Holography, held in 1972, included representatives of the core of the world's scientific holography community. It was organized by John Caulfield. Here is a picture of the group and a list of attendees. I gave a talk on applications in particle field diagnostics.

     

    These conferences are possibly the most unique of all conferences. Meetings are set up so that attendees live, eat, and socialize together intensively for a week. Attendees agree to show their latest work and nothing can be quoted or referenced to the meeting so that raw, immature ideas can flow freely. I made friendships at this meeting that lasted forever. One of the friendships was with Kenneth Haines, the first of Leith's team to get a PhD from the University of Michigan (He actually got his PhD before Leith did). I persuaded Ken to come and join the staff at the University of Tennessee Space Institute the following year.

    I detected a pessimistic feeling about holography in the meeting with attendees already expressing a belief that holography had been oversold. Other Gordon Conferences on holography were held in '74 and '76, and a similar pessimism seemed to persist. The Gordon conferences were not continued for holography.

    During my years at AEDC and the Space Institute, I had met a lot of industry people who made tempting offers to move into the world of private industry. 1970 was an especially good year for me. I made quite a hit applying holography in the missile field to answer a critical question in reentry simulation. Three centers in the US were running reentry simulations through ice and dust clouds. These were at AEDC, Boeing in Seattle, Washington, and Northrop in Hawthorne. These were hypersonic wind tunnels that launched dust and ice clouds at models to see how the models would interact with hypersonic particles and survive. The question was, "What kind of shielding should our missiles have?" and what kind of dust can we launch to burn up an incoming missile?" The problem was that no one knew for sure what was actually hitting the models, since the processes tended to burn up the dust. I proposed making double exposure particle holograms to measure dust size, number density and velocity. High speed photography was not applicable because the particles were small and dispersed over a large volume.

    After some politicking and failed in-house efforts to produce holograms at Northrop, the Air Force sent Joe O’Hare and I with our equipment to Northrop where we produced, not only a complete particle field characterization, but discovered a new heating phenomena, known as augmented heating, that would have destroyed a shield that was then being deployed for the Minuteman missile system. We went on to calibrate the facilities at Boeing and at AEDC producing the first really usable particle field data for those simulating facilities.

    These successes combined with other technologies developed at AEDC provided me an opportunity to move more into a commercial market. One of the offers promised a high potential for applying holography in some rather spectacular applications. Funding in the reentry ballistic missile industry was extremely loose at the time and I began looking at the possibility of flying holocameras in airplanes and space ships.

    I left AEDC in 1973 to start an office of Science Applications International Corporation in Tullahoma Tennessee. Almost immediately we were awarded a large contract from the USAF Space and Missiles Systems Organization to fly holocameras in airplanes to analyze ice clouds. Here again, competing particle instruments could not provide the kind of crystal habit data needed for modelers. We flew a holocamera in the nose of a B57 high altitude aircraft over Albuquerque, NM then Guam and collected thousands of holograms of high altitude cloud ice crystals. Two years later we installed a similar system in a Cessna Citation jet and flew experiments over the Kwajalein Missile Range in the Marshal Islands where reentry tests are conducted by the Air Force. It appears that air borne holography was never fully accepted as a necessary diagnostic, and apparently no other such measurements have been made.

    Kenneth Haines left the Space Institute and joined me at SAIC along with Mike Farmer from AEDC. Ken continued to develop holography, eventually starting Eidetic Images, which ultimately produced the first commercial embossed holography applications that ultimately turned into the most successful commercial application of holography to date.

    I took one of the holocameras to the top of Elk Mountain Wyoming in 1974 and again in 1975 to record holograms of snow and ice cloud crystals. NASA employee Bob Owen took the system up a third time a year later. Professor Gabor Valley, who headed the department of Meteorology of the University of Wyoming (owner of the Elk Mountain weather observatory) told us to come back again only if we got the system weight down by an order of magnitude. Gabor loved the holographic ice crystal data, but was not happy with the logistics. Getting the required equipment up Elk Mountain in the dead of winter was no mean task. It took about 12 hours and three vehicle changes to conquer the changes in terrain. On one of the trips up the mountain, the additional weight had slowed us down so badly that we had to leave the heaviest items halfway down the mountain face until the following day.

    We delivered a holocamera to the U.S. Army Cold Regions Research Laboratory in New Hampshire for the study of snow formation. Apparently after a few years use this system was deemed too bulky and difficult to apply and the analysis of data was not straightforward. Uses of holography in meteorology have not flowered as one might have expected.

    By the early 1980’s YAG lasers had provided a better overall pulsed holography laser. My first experiences were with International Laser Systems in Orlando Florida. Fred Way of ILS pioneered the YAG laser holography application and our work together began a friendship that has never ceased to be valuable. Some years later he joined Spectron and operated an Albuquerque office for several years before breaking out on his on to form Decade Optics, which has become a successful supplier of rugged YAG lasers. Fred was such an aficionado of holography that he named his cocker spaniel Gabor. Gabor the dog outlived Gabor the Nobel Prize winner.

    Having learned how to get contract business, I soon decided to leave SAIC and start my own company, Spectron Development Laboratories with another SAIC friend/employ. One of Spectron's key areas of business became applied holography. At Spectron I was able to attract several great holography associates to work with including James Craig, Bernard Hockley (formerly Rolls Royce and Diffracto), Will Bachalo, and Percy Hildebrand, another of the Leith team. It was during this period that Percy and I helped NASA design the first American space holocamera that actually flew.

    Dr. Milton Chang at Newport Corporation, which was located one mile from Spectron, was a huge fan of holography and put millions of dollars into commercializing holography. He was one of the best things ever to happen to holography. Newport Corporation purchased holography company, GC Optronics (founded by George Grant and ? to market holographic tire testers). The plan was to commercialize holographic inspection systems. That turned out to be a very bad investment, with little of value coming out of it, since George Grant immediately formed another holographic tire testing company that soon switched to the simpler shearography methods.

    The Newport Corporation played a role as a major benefactor of holography, also purchasing the patent license rights from the bank who was administering them and financing years of research to produce holocameras, including one of the first user-friendly thermoplastic devices that allowed electronic, in-place processing. David Rosenthal and Rudy Garza were key players for Newport in popularizing the applications. Holography ads appeared in many technical magazines and vendor shows during the years from 1975 to 1990, and that was extremely beneficial in keeping the field alive.

    At one point, Newport attempted to collect royalties from companies like Spectron who were employing holography. The problem was that they were selling most of the hardware to the people doing the holography and could not afford to anger their customers. I think that Newport did not make money on their patent rights.

    As long as holograms were confined to photographic materials, a long time passed between hologram recordings and viewings, often requiring several attempts to get an acceptable one. These involved set up time and film development, and washing and drying before anything useful could be extracted. In a good day, we could collect a few dozen holograms. Getting the data out of them could take months.

    With time and technology this improved. Using film and vacuum platens or liquid gates that allowed development in place eliminated some of the time. A major breakthrough seemed to be the emergence of the thermoplastic recording devices that allowed holograms to be produced and examined immediately. Two companies, Rottenkolber in Germany and Newport Corporation in California led the way. Rottenkolber produced a film device and Newport produced a truly user-friendly write and erase device. This would seem to have been the answer to commercialization prayers. Both systems revolutionized holographic interferometry. One could make a hologram and process it in place electronically and view the reconstructed image immediately. This made a lot of non-destructive applications practical that had previously been extremely limited by film processing requirements. Although hundreds of these cameras were sold, they did not become a major, lasting product and both companies discontinued production. Other companies have attempted to fill the void in Newport’s thermoplastic holocamera, but, so far, none has the marketing muscle that Newport had to promote these devices.

    Rottenkolber produced a holographic tire tester that sold well throughout Europe and to a lesser extent in the US. It employed 70 mm film and was not rewritable so each new hologram was rolled up on a reel and saved. He had a strong business in the Soviet Block of countries. Rottenkolber had a protégé, Hans Steinbiecler, who broke away and started Steinbiekler Laboratories selling essentially the same technology. Rottenkolber, believing that the Soviet part of the business was key focused on that area, which unfortunately collapsed along with the Soviet Union. Steinbieckler Laboratories is a strong company today, having moved into electronic holography. Rottenkolber is still pursuing tire-testing holography with an electronic holography system.

    Spectron marketed pulsed ruby laser holocameras for particle and flow applications, sold about a dozen systems, and made field measurements for many customers. One system of particular interest was sold to China in 1980 just as the country was opening up to the west. By this time Korad had disappeared from the scene and ruby laser companies, Apollo and Holobeam were our suppliers. Ralph Page of Apollo and I personally delivered the holocamera to China and trained the employees of the Nanjing Gas Turbine Institute.

    One of our systems was purchased by Rockwell International's Rocketdyne division to view flow fields in high powered chemical lasers. Another was purchased by the University of Michigan to study fuel sprays. Yet another was purchased by Kimberly Clark to study production of tissue paper.

    One interesting field application of the Spectron Holocamera placed a holocamera in the fuel cloud of a Fuel Air Explosive (FAE) bomb to determine fuel droplet size. Another was using holography to study the processes in mineral and glass fiber production. We produced holograms of the process in the plant of U.S. Gypsom in Tacoma Washington.

    In another unusual application in Guardian Fiber Glass Incorporated we helped settle a patent infringement lawsuit by proving that the process that had been patented did not work the way the patent claimed.

    Will Bachalo played a major role in making successful holography applications at the NASA Ames Research Center, including flow visualization in several wind tunnels and in a helicopter facility where we succeeded in doing tomography with a large ruby laser holography system.

    Jim Craig and I installed holocameras in a variety of aerodynamic facilities around the country. Perhaps the greatest achievement was in flying a YAG laser holocamera in a KC135 aircraft to produce holographic interferograms of turbulent boundary layers. The U.S. Air Force was developing high-powered laser weapons systems to project from aircraft. One of the serious issues was (and still is) the effect of the turbulent boundary layer on projected beam quality and the ability to focus energy on a distant target. Holographic interferometry allowed us to observe a range of aero optical effects for the first time, and played a major role in identifying and understanding such effects.

    Craig and Bachalo left Spectron and formed other companys (Aerometrics Inc. and Stratonics Inc.). Jim continues to apply holography in hypersonic flow diagnostics facilities. Bachalo gave up holography entirely.

    I left Spectron in 1985 after it was acquired by the Titan Corporation and formed MetroLaser, another applied laser company where I now work in 2004. During these years I had the privilege to work with excellent holographers, including David Rosenthal (formerly of Newport Corporation), David Weber and James Millerd (who became holographers after joining MetroLaser and Vladimir Markov, who had been the Director of the Institute of Optics in Kiev, Ukraine and his colleague Anatoliy Khizhnyak. Again, holography applications of varied types continue to show up, some made possible by continuing advances in computers, laser, and image processing technology. Some of these are one of kind applications to make a specific measurement.

    In 1986 David Weber and I showed that holography had an application in earthquake engineering, and started a worldwide fad to use holography to assess structures in earthquakes. We produced holographic interferograms with a ruby laser holocamera of large liquid storage tanks showing how to measure earthquake damage. Although we had impressive holographic data on large structures the system did not prove highly versatile since it still relied on film. Today's electronic holography still has a chance in such applications as described below.

    In 1986 MetroLaser formed a teaming alliance with Newport Corporation to act as an applications company for referred customers. This worked well until Milton Chang left Newport Corporation and applied holography was abandoned at Newport. MetroLaser bought out the entire experimental holography laboratory and hired David Rosenthal who had been in charge of the laboratory. When Newport ceased the holography advertising campaign that they had maintained for years, holography visibility quickly diminished.

    We have investigated many possibilities in holographic storage, holographic security, new materials, electronic holography, particle holography flow visualization holography, and holography in non-linear materials. We also do a large amount of military research that employs holography. Holography continues to have potential in many possible applications, but it also faces stiff competition from the many other options that often win out.

    In 1995 MetroLaser built a large mobile ruby laser holocamera for the U.S. Air Force for monitoring shrapnel and debris clouds. The system was used in field tests at Eglin Air Force Base and other Air Force facilities. Again the complexity of maintenance and data reduction have resulted in the systems lack of widespread use.

    We flew experiments that used holography successfully in two different spaceflight experiments, and in 1998 I was selected by NASA as a principal investigator for a space flight experiment (SHIVA, Spaceflight Holography Investigation in a Virtual Apparatus) that would feature digital holography in a particle and fluid mechanics study,. The system was developed and tested to record digital holograms for both particle and flow diagnostics and to downlink data from the International Space Station. The experiment has been delayed for various reasons such as the Columbia space shuttle disaster. This application employs holography in the concept of acting as a remote window into a distant experiment. One can peer into a holographic window in the laboratory and see into the experimental chamber located on the moon.

    One of the holography technologies we developed has resulted in a successful spin off product, known as "The PhaseCam" that is now produced by Four D Technologies, in Tucson Arizona. The system combines phase shifting interferometry, holographic optical elements, and electronic holography to make instantaneous wavefront phase maps. It has a very good chance of becoming a widely used product. Electronic holography as a variant of Electronic speckle pattern interferometry offers new possibilities that may eventually push holography back to the forefront in diagnostics. One promising system now under exploration at MetroLaser employs electronic holography to detect buried land mines.

    For many years real time holography has been explored as a candidate for producing phase conjugate mirrors for various purposes. Markov and Khizhnyak are currently developing such a system in MetroLaser for space communications. A laser beam can be projected through a turbulent environment and then be corrected by employing such phase conjugate mirrors.

    The growth of aerospace holography in Europe continued and still thrives in many universities and organizations. Examples not already mentioned are:

    BIAS in Bremen Germany (headed by Prof. Werner Jueptner) where digital holography has been developed and applied extensively.

    University of Oldenburg (Headed by Professor Klaus Hench) has developed methods for wind tunnel diagnostics as well as non destructive testing for use in art preservation.

    University of Warwick (Headed by Prof. Peter Brianstan-Cross).

    University of Stuttgart (Headed by Prof. Wolfgang Osten).

    University of Loughborough (Headed by Prof. Niel Haliwell.)

    University of Warsaw (Headed by Prof. Malgorzata Kujawinska)

    Europeans have managed to continue high level professional meetings and organizations that emphasize holography with conferences like "Fringe" that is held every three years. The international organization of holoknights was founded founded in 1988 to promote holography by Dr. Hans Rotenkolber, a well known holographer who pioneered industrial holography in Germany. Members take a vow to promote the optical sciences in every way and to always offer friendship and help to all HOLO-Ritters in personal and business matters. It is the personal right of the last elected HOLO-Ritter to choose the next one. He vows to carefully select someone who is a leading international holographic scientist deserving of the honor and who is also a widely recognized contributor to international friendship, hospitality, and cooperation. A sword, symbol of membership in the society, is used in the knighting ceremony and is a personal gift of the foregoing HOLO-Ritter to the new member. A scroll, in the language of the awarding holoknight and signed by other holoknights is presented during the ceremony. New members are chosen no more than twice each year in conjunction with an international optics conference, and the selection is kept secret until the moment of the knighting ceremony. The following is the current list of holoknights.

    Werner Jüptner, Germany
    Volker Kempe, Austria
    Ryzard Pryputniewicz, USA
    Paul Smigielski France
    James Trolinger, USA
    Ole Løkberg, Norway
    Mitsuo Takeda, Japan
    Malgorzata Kujawinska. Poland
    Wolfgang Osten, Germany
    Pierre M. Boone, Belgium
    Ichirou Yamaguchi, Japan

    Aerospace holography in the former Soviet Union was not visible to the west before 1990. They had significant efforts underway especially in military applications. From my recent associations with Vladimir Markov, clearly the Soviets had plans for holography in advanced applications like four wave mixing.

    Aerospace holography has been developed and applied in Japan in more recent years. One example is the work of Professor Takeyama in shock wave research facilities of the Tohoku University of Sendai, Japan.

    Industrial holography has seemed stalled many times with obstacles like difficulty, expense, and tedium of data extraction. Each time a death knell tolls, some breakthrough provides hope that finally holography is ready to take off, and a new enthusiasm springs up with another generation of holographers.

    In the early days a hologram of almost anything would help sell a contract to apply holography to something else. Everyone in the business kept a small collection of holograms of the most novel things to show off when marketing a new idea for applying holography. Holography was so novel that almost any engineer or scientist would show up to a talk if he heard that holograms would be shown. You couldn't ask for a better attention-getter.

    In some ways it was misleading since the limitations were not always apparent, and the holograms were often irrelevant to the application under discussion. Many charlatans who had never made a hologram themselves marketed with the holograms produced by others. We could show a potential customer a hologram of a few chess pieces and then explain how we would make similar holograms of ice crystals in clouds. This gave the impression that one would be able to look into a hologram and see an ice crystal microscopically in 3-D. There are several reasons why this is not so straightforward that were not obvious. To see microscopic detail required looking through a microscope. If direct light was used, this was not easy. If diffused light was used, then speckle led to a very noisy image. Most scientific studies employed TV cameras to examine the particles so this took away some of the excitement in viewing the holographic image.

    One could publish a paper or give a talk simply by applying holography to something new. Papers often had a title like "Application of holography to the Measurement of ..." It was easy to assemble a meeting with a holography focus. NASA sponsored meetings at the Marshal Spaceflight Center in Huntsville, Alabama, and Ames Research Center, in Mountain View, CA. The US Air Force assembled them at Wright Patterson Air Force Base, in Ohio, AEDC, in Tennessee, and Air Force Cambridge Research Labs in Boston.

    After many failed promises holography actually took on a stigma of charlatanism during some periods and the word holography in a proposal could mean instant death. This state of affairs has come and gone several times in my career as new breakthroughs offer to breath new life into holography.

    The latest "real breakthrough", would seem to be the emergence of digital holography in the late twentieth and early twenty first century. In the first week that I began producing digital holograms on a CCD array, I determined that I had made more holograms than in the entire rest of my career. Only time will tell if digital holography can act as the ultimate "holy grail" for holography.

    References

    1.  J.D. Trolinger, “Multiple exposure holography of time varying three dimensional fields” Applied Optics, August, vol 7, no. 8, pp 1640 (1968).

    2.  R.B. Lal, M.D. Aggarwal, A.K. Batra, (Al A&M), R.L. Kroes, (NASA/MSFC), W.R. Wilcox, J.D. Trolinger, (SDL), P. Cirino, (BEC), "Growth of Triglycine Sulfate (TGS) Crystals Aboard Spacelab-3," Crystal Technology, 1988.

    3.  J.D. Trolinger & B.R. Hildebrand, "Statistical Analysis of a Holographic System Intended for the Space Shuttle"Applied Optics, Vol. 22, No. 14, p. 2124, 15 July, 1983.

    4.  J. D. Trolinger, W. Farmer, and R. Belz, Holographic Techniques for the Study of Three Dimensional Dynamic Particle Fields”, Applied Optics, 8, 967, (1969)

    5.  J.D. Trolinger, "Particle Field Holography", Optical Engineering, Vol. 14 No. 5, p. 383, September/October 1975.

    6.  J.D. Trolinger and J.E. O'Hare, "Holographic Color Schlieren," Applied Optics, October 1969.

    7. J.D. Trolinger & T.H. Gee, "Resolution Factors in Edgeline Holography", Applied Optics, Vol. 10, No. 6, p. 1319, June 1971

    8.  J.D. Trolinger, "Flow Visualization Holography," Optical Engineering, Vol. 14, No. 5, p. 470, September/October 1975.

    9.  J.D. Trolinger, "Multiple-Cavity Lasers for Holography," Optical Engineering, Vol.23, No.1, January/February 1984.

    10.  J.D. Trolinger, H.T. Bentley, A.E. Lennert and R.E. Sowls, "Application of Electro-Optical Techniques in Diesel Engine Research," SAE Journal, 1971.

    11.  J.D. Trolinger and J.E. O'Hare, "Holographic Color Schlieren," Applied Optics, October 1969.

    12. J.D. Trolinger, "Laser Instrumentation for Flow Field Diagnostics," AGARDograph No. 186, published by North Atlantic Treaty Organization, March 1974.

    13.  J.D. Trolinger, "An Airborne Holography System for Cloud Particle Analysis in Weather Studies", ISA Reprint 74-627, presented at International Instrument-Automation Conference & Exhibit, New York City, NY, 28-31 October 1974.J.D. Trolinger,

    14.  "Airborne Holography Techniques for Particle Field Analysis", Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. 267, pp. 448-459, January 1976.

    15.  J.D. Trolinger, "Aero-Optical Characterization of Aircraft Optical Turrets by Holography Interferometry and Shadowgraph," in Aero-Optical Phenomena, Vol. 80, Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics, edited by K.G. Gilbert and J. Otten, 1982. Also presented at the Symposium on Aero-Optics, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, 14-15 August, 1979.

    16.  J.D. Trolinger, D.C. Weber, (ML),  G. Pardoen, G.T. Gunnarsson, (UCI) and W. Fagan, (Lasermet), "Application of Long Range Holography in Earthquake Engineering," SPIE paper number 1162-17, pp. 132-142, SPIE International Conference on Laser Interferometry:  Quantitative Analysis of Interferograms, San Diego, California, 7-9 August 1989

    17.  D.M. Rosenthal, J.D. Trolinger, and D.C. Weber, "The use of double pulsed ESPI for earthquake mitigation of large structures." Presented at SPIE's International Symposium on Optical Applied Science and Engineering, San Diego, California, July 1991.

    18.  Markov, V.B., Weber, D., and Trolinger, J.D., “Volume Hologram with Random Encoded Reference Beam for Secure Data Encryption”, SPIE Proc., Vol. 3973, pp. 266-275 (2000).

    19.  Markov, V.B., Millerd, J., Trolinger, J.D., Norrie, M., Downie ,J., and Timuchin, D., “Multiyear Holographic Optical Memory”, Opt. Lett., Vol. 24, No. 4, pp. 265-267 (1999).

    20.  Markov, V.B., Millerd, J., and Trolinger, J.D., “Volume Holographic Memory with a Speckle-encoded Reference Beam”, SPIE Proc., Vol. 3749, pp. 773-774 (1999).

    21.  N.J. Brock, J.E. Millerd, J.D. Trolinger “A simple and versatile, real-time interferometer for quantitative flow visualization” AIAA99-0770; 37th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, NV, January 1999.

    22.  J. D. Trolinger, “New Techniques in Aeroballistic Range Holography” Invited Talk, AIAA 99-0563; 37th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, NV, January, 1999

    23. Lal, A., Rohrbacher, A., Markov, V.B., Millerd, J., and Trolinger, J.D., “Characterization of the Bacteriorhodopsin Gelatin Films Used for Optical Data Storage in Image Processing”, SPIE Proc., Vol. 3793, pp. 103-122 (1999).

    24.  J.D. Trolinger, R.B. Lal, D. McIntosh and W.K. Witherow “Holographic Particle Image Velocimetry Aboard the Space Shuttle Discovery”, Applied Optics, Vol. 35, No. 4, pp. 681-689 1996.)

    25.  Trolinger, J.T., L’Esperance, D., Rangel, R., Coimbra, C., Witherow, W. “Design and preparation of a particle dynamics space flight experiment, SHIVA”, ECI: MTP-03-86: Proceedings of the Microgravity Transport Processes in Fluid, Thermal, Biological and Materials Sciences III, S. Sadhal, ed. Davos, (To be published in Annals of The New York Academy of Sciences ) Switzerland (September 14-19, 2003.)

    26.  Trolinger, J., L’Esperance, D., Rangel, R., Coimbra, C., Witherow, W., Bodiford, M., and Patterson, W.; “Ground Based and Mock Up Experiments to Support the ISS Flight Definition Program SHIVA”; Proceedings of the 2003 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Big Sky MT (8-16 March 2003).

    27. Trolinger, J.T., L’Esperance, D., Rangel, R., Coimbra, C., Witherow, W. “Design and preparation of a particle dynamics space flight experiment, SHIVA”, ECI: MTP-03-86: Proceedings of the Microgravity Transport Processes in Fluid, Thermal, Biological and Materials Sciences III, S. Sadhal, ed. Davos, (To be published in Annals of The New York Academy of Sciences ) Switzerland (September 14-19, 2003.)

    28.  Trolinger, J.D., “High Speed Digital Wavefront Sensing for Aero-Optics and Flow Diagnostics”, ICIASF 2003 Record; 20th International Congress on Instrumentation in Aerospace Simulation Facilities; Goettingen Germany, IEEE no. 0-7803-8149-1/03; Aug. 25-29, 2003.

     

     

    Bibliography

    Trolinger, J.T., L’Esperance, D., Rangel, R., Coimbra, C., Witherow, W. "Design and preparation of a particle dynamics space flight experiment, SHIVA", ECI: MTP-03-86: Proceedings of the Microgravity Transport Processes in Fluid, Thermal, Biological and Materials Sciences III, S. Sadhal, ed. Davos, (To be published in Annals of The New York Academy of Sciences ) Switzerland (September 14-19, 2003.)

    Trolinger, James, "Interferometric Flow Measurements", Chapter 3, in Optical Measurements in Particle and Fluid Flows, Edited by Carolyn Mercer, Klewer Press, (2003)

    Trolinger, J.D., "High Speed Digital Wavefront Sensing for Aero-Optics and Flow Diagnostics", ICIASF 2003 Record; 20th International Congress on Instrumentation in Aerospace Simulation Facilities; Goettingen Germany, IEEE no. 0-7803-8149-1/03; Aug. 25-29, 2003.

    Trolinger, J., L’Esperance, D., Rangel, R., Coimbra, C., Witherow, W., Bodiford, M., and Patterson, W.; "Ground Based and Mock Up Experiments to Support the ISS Flight Definition Program SHIVA"; Proceedings of the 2003 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Big Sky MT (8-16 March 2003).

    Miernik, J.H., Trolinger, J.D., Lackey, J.D., Milton, M.E., Waggoner, J., and Pope, R.D.; "Spaceflight Holography Investigation in a Virtual Apparatus (SHIVA) Ground Experiments and Concepts for Flight Design", Proceedings of the AIAA, 41st Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, NV (6 - 9 Jan 2003).

    C. Anderson and J.D. Trolinger, "New Developments in Digitial Electronic Flow Diagnostics Methods," SPIE Proceedings, International Conference, San Diego, CA (July 2001).

    Carlos F. M. Coimbra, Roger H. Rangel, James D. Trolinger, "The Science Behind SHIVA:-Spaceflight Holography Investigation in a Virtual Apparatus" 39th AIAA AerospaceSciences, Meeting and Exhibit January 8-11, 2001 / Reno, NV

    J.D. Trolinger, M. Rottenkolber, W.K. Witherow and J. Rogers, "(SHIVA) Spaceflight Holography Investigation in a Virtual Apparatus", presented at the Tenth International Symposium On Applications Of Laser Techniques To Fluid Mechanics, Lisbon, Portugal July 10-13, 2000.

    James D. Trolinger, Roger H. Rangel, Carlos F. M. Coimbra, Ravindra B. Lal, William Witherow and Jan Rogers, SHIVA: Spaceflight Holography Investigation in a Virtual Apparatus, presented at the NASA Microgravity Material Sciences Conference, Huntsville, AL, June, 2000.

    J.D. Trolinger, R.H. Rangel, C.F.M. Coimbra, W. Witherow, and J. Rogers (2000). "SHIVA: Spaceflight Holography Investigation in a Virtual Apparatus" – presented at the 38th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit – Reno – USA.

    Markov, V.B., Weber, D., and Trolinger, J.D., "Volume Hologram with Random Encoded Reference Beam for Secure Data Encryption", SPIE Proc., Vol. 3973, pp. 266-275 (2000).

    Markov, V.B., Millerd, J., Trolinger, J.D., Norrie, M., Downie ,J., and Timuchin, D., "Multiyear Holographic Optical Memory", Opt. Lett., Vol. 24, No. 4, pp. 265-267 (1999).

    Markov, V.B., Millerd, J., and Trolinger, J.D., "Volume Holographic Memory with a Speckle-encoded Reference Beam", SPIE Proc., Vol. 3749, pp. 773-774 (1999).

    Lal, A., Rohrbacher, A., Markov, V.B., Millerd, J., and Trolinger, J.D., "Characterization of the Bacteriorhodopsin Gelatin Films Used for Optical Data Storage in Image Processing", SPIE Proc., Vol. 3793, pp. 103-122 (1999).

    Markov, Vladimir B.; Denisyuk, Yuri N.; Trolinger, James D.; Amezquita, 3-D speckle-shift hologram and its storage capacity SPIE Proc. v.3572, pp.111-114, 1999

    Vladimir Markov, James Millerd, James Trolinger, and Mark Norrie, "Multilayer volume holographic optical memory" Optics Letters, vol. 24, no. 4, 1999.

    N.J. Brock, J.E. Millerd, J.D. Trolinger "A simple and versatile, real-time interferometer for quantitative flow visualization" AIAA99-0770; 37th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, NV, January 1999.

    J. D. Trolinger, "New Techniques in Aeroballistic Range Holography" Invited Talk, AIAA 99-0563; 37th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, NV, January, 1999

    James D. Trolinger, Roger Rangel, William Witherow, Jan Rogers, Ravindra B. Lal, "Investigation of the influence of microgravity on transport mechanisms in a virtual spaceflight chamber"AIAA 99-1032; 37th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, NV, January, 1999

    D. Weber, N. Brock, J. Trolinger and J. Millerd, "MultipleWavelength Holograpahic Interferometry, journ", Imaging Sci. and Tech. ,41, July 1997

    J.D. Trolinger, Holographic Interferometry on the Large Scale; Invited Talk, Fringe 97, Bremen Germany (1997)

    J.D. Trolinger, J.E. Millerd, D.C. Weber, and D.M. Rosenthal "Recent Achievements and Perspectives of Holographic Non-destructive Testing", Invited Paper-presented at the SPIE Intnl Conf-Colloq. on Optical Holography and its Applications", Kiev, Ukraine, 23-25, June 1997.

    J.D. Trolinger, M. Rottenkolber, and F. Elandaloussi "Holographic Particle Image Velocimetry techniques for Microgravity Applications" Measurement Science and Technology, 8, Dec 1997 (1573-1583).

    J.D. Trolinger, "Ultra High Resolution Interferometry, an Invited Paper" SPIE Paper No. 2861-18, presented at Laser Interferometry VIII: Applications Conference, SPIE 1996 Intnl Symp. on Optical Science, Engineering, and Instrumentation, Denver, CO, Aug. 4-9, 1996.

    J.D. Trolinger, J.E. Millerd, and R. Anderson "Holographic Interferometry for the Study of 3-D Compressible and Incompressible Flow Fields - Where do we stand?", Invited paper, AIAA96-1963 presented at the 27th AIAA Fluid Dynamics Conference, New Orleans, LA, June 17-20, 1996.

    D.M. Rosenthal, J.D. Trolinger, "Dynamic Holographic Modal Analysis for NDT" presented in Atlanta, GA at ASNT Conference, September 1994 and SPIE 2545-41, presented at SPIE’s 40th Annual International Symposium on Optical Science, Engineering & Instrumentation, (Interferometry VII: Applications), San Diego, CA 9-14 July 1995. Journal of Optics & Lasers in Engineering 24, pp. 129-144 (1996).

    J.D. Trolinger, R.B. Lal, D. McIntosh and W.K. Witherow "Holographic Particle Image Velocimetry Aboard the Space Shuttle Discovery", Applied Optics, Vol. 35, No. 4, pp. 681-689 1996.)

    J.D. Trolinger and N.J. Brock "Sandwich Double-Reference-Wave, Holographic, Phase Shift Interferometry" Applied Optics, Vol 34, No. 28, 6354-6360 October (1995)

    Trolinger, J. D., "History and Status of Aero-Optics" Invited Talk; Optical Society of America, Seattle Washington, September 1995.

    R.B. Lal, A.K. Batra, J.D. Trolinger, and W.R. Wilcox "TGS Crystal Growth Experiment on the First International Microgravity Laboratory (IML-1)" Microgravity Quarterly, Vol. 4, N. 3 pp. 186-198, 1994.

    J.D. Trolinger, N. Brock, P.A. DeBarber, J.C. Hsu, and J.E. Millerd"Recent Developments in Optical Flow Diagnostics" AIAA94-0667, presented at 32nd Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, Nevada, Jan. 10-13, 1994.

    J.D. Trolinger. R.H. Rangel, Ravindra B. Lal, "Methodologies For The Micro-Mechanics Of Microspheres In A Fluid In Microgravity" Unification of Analytical, Computational, and Experimental Solution Methodologies in Micromechanics and Microsystems, Proc. of the International Invitational UACEM Symp., 11th in the series, R.J. Pryputniewicz, Ed., Chap. 37, pp. 517-534, 1993.

    D.M. Rosenthal, J.D. Trolinger, and D.C. Weber, "The use of double pulsed ESPI for earthquake mitigation of large structures." Presented at SPIE's International Symposium on Optical Applied Science and Engineering, San Diego, California, July 1991.

    C.S. Vikram, W.K. Witherow and J.D. Trolinger, "Fringe Contrast and Phase Effects in Multi-colour Holography" Journal of Modern Optics, Vol. 41, No. 8, pps 1531-1536, 1994.

    W.K. Witherow, J.R. Rogers, B.R. Facemire, S.D. Armstrong, J.D. Trolinger, D. Weber, and C. Vikram, "Methods to Detect and Measure Gradients in Fluids and Materials Processing", TMS - Proceedings from the 6th International Symposium on Experimental Methods for Microgravity Science, February 27 - March 3, 1994.

    D.M. Rosenthal, J.D. Trolinger, "Dynamic Holographic Modal Analysis for NDT" presented in Atlanta, GA at ASNT Conference, September 1994. Journal of Optics & Lasers in Engineering.

    J. Sun, F.M. Carlson, L.L. Regel, W.R. Wilcox, R.B. Lal, and J.D. Trolinger, "Particle Motion in the Fluid Experiment System in Microgravity" IAF-93-J.1.257. Presented at 44th Congress of the International Astronautical Federation, Graz, Austria, Oct 16-22, 1993.

    C.S. Vikram, W.K. Witherow, and J.D. Trolinger, "Algorithm for phase-difference measurement in phase-shifting interferometry" Applied Optics Vol. 32, No. 31, ps. 6250-6252, 1 November 1993.

    R.B. Lal, A.K. Batra, J.D. Trolinger, W.R. Wilcox and B. Steiner, "Growth and Characteristics of TGS Crystals Grown Aboard First International Microgravity Laboratory IML-1), accepted for publication in a special Issue of Ferroelectrics.

    J.D. Trolinger and J.C. Hsu, "Flowfield Diagnostics by Holographic Interferometry and Tomography", presented at the 2nd International Workshop on Automatic Processing of Fringe Patterns, Bremen, France, 19-21 October 1993.

    C.S. Vikram, W.K. Witherow, and J.D. Trolinger, "Special beam intensity ratio needs in multi-colour holography", Journal of Modern Optics, 1993, Vol. 40, No. 7, pp. 1387-1393. Accepted for publication on February 12, 1993.

    J.D. Trolinger, "Fundamentals of Optical Inspection & Testing" SPIE Proceedings, Paper No. CR46-01. Proceedings for Optical Engineering Technology, Boston, Mass., 1992 15-20 November 1992

    C.S. Vikram, W.K. Witherow and J.D. Trolinger, "Determination of refractive properties of fluids for dual-wavelength interferometry", Applied Optics, Vol. 31, No. 34, ps. 7249-7252, December 1992.

    J.D. Trolinger, R.B. Lal, A.K. Batra, W.R. Wilcox and B. Steiner, "A Study of Solution Crystal Growth in Low-g, An experiment on the First International Microgravity Laboratory (IML-l)" submitted to ICCG-10, work supported by NASA, Office of Microgravity Science & Applications Division, NASA HQ, August 1992.

    J.D. Trolinger and D.M. Rosenthal, "Optically Smart Surfaces for Aerodynamic Measurements", AIAA 92-3895, presented at 17th Aerospace Ground Testing Conference, Nashville, TN, July 6-8, 1992.

    D.M. Rosenthal, J.D. Trolinger, and E.T. Johnson, "Holographic NDT - A Few Tricks of the Trade", presented at the SPIE International Symposium on Optical Applied Science and Engineering, San Diego, CA, July 1992.

    J.D. Trolinger, G. Eiterlberg & M. Rapuc, "Flow Visualization & Spectroscopy in Hypersonic Flows; New Trends" based upon NATO Advanced Research Workshop Session, New Trends in Instrumentation for Hypersonic Research held at ONERA La Fauga Facility, Toulouse, France, April 27, 1992.

    J.D. Trolinger, R.K. Hanson, B. Yip, and B. Battles, "Resonant Holographic Interferometry - A Multipoint, Multiparameter Diagnostics Tool for Hypersonic Flow", presented at AGARD 70th Fluid Dynamics Panel Meeting, New Trends in Instrumentation for Hypersonic Research, Toulouse, France, April - May 1, 1992.

    J.D. Trolinger, C.F. Hess, B. Yip, B. Battles, and R. Hanson, "Hydroxyl Density Measurements with Resonant Holographic Interferometry", AIAA-92-0582, presented at 30th Aerospace Sciences Meeting & Exhibit, Reno, NV, January 6-9, 1992.

    J.D. Trolinger, R.B. Lal, A.K. Batra, "Holographic Instrumentation for Monitoring Crystal Growth in Space." Optical Engineering, Vol. 30, No. 10 p.1608-1614, October 1991.

    J.D. Trolinger, R.B. Lal, C.S. Vikram, and W. Witherow, "Compact Spaceflight Solution Crystal-Growth System", SPIE 1991 International Symposium on Optical and Applied Science and Engineering, San Diego, CA, July 1991.

    J.D. Trolinger, R.B. Lal, A.K. Batra, and D. McIntosh, "Particle Image Velocimetry Experiments for the IML-I Spaceflight", SPIE 1991 International Symposium on Optical and Applied Science and Engineering, San Diego, CA, July 1991.

    J.D. Trolinger, C.S. Vikram, and W. Witherow, "Refractive Properties of TGS Aqueous Solution for Two-color Interferometry." SPIE 1991 International Symposium on Optical Applied Science and Engineering, San Diego, CA, July 1991.

    C.P. Wood and J.D. Trolinger, "In-Flight Scanning Laser Sheet Flow Visualization System," SPIE 1991 International Symposium on Optical and Applied Science and Engineering, San Diego, CA, July 1991.

    J.D. Trolinger and G. Havener of Calspan/AEDC, "A Renaissance in Holographic Flow Field Diagnostics", Invited Talk-29th Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Reno, Nevada, 7-10 January 1991.

    J.D. Trolinger, R.B. Lal, A.K. Batra, M.D. Aggarwal, and W.R. Wilcox, "Growth and Study of Triglycine Sulfate (TGS) Crystals in Low-G for Infrared Detector Applications", ISI/AIAA Microgravity Science Symposium, Moscow, USSR, 12-21 May 1990.

    J.D. Trolinger, "The New Methods in Holographic Flow Diagnostics", presented at the 1990 SEM Fall Conference on Hologram Interferometry and Speckle Metrology, Baltimore, MD, 5-8 November, 1990.

    C.P. Wood and J.D. Trolinger, "The Application of Real-Time Holographic Interferometry in the Nondestructive Inspection of Electronic Parts and Assemblies", SPIE paper number 1332-16, SPIE International Symposium on Optical and Opto-electronic Applied Science and Engineering, San Diego, California, 8-13 July 1990.

    J.D. Trolinger, R.B. Lal and A.K. Batra, "Holographic Instrumentation for Monitoring Crystal Growth in Space," SPIE paper number 1332-19, presented at the International Symposium on Optical and Opto-electronic Applied Science and Engineering, San Diego, California, 8-13 July 1990.

    J.D. Trolinger, C.P. Wood and D. Rosenthal, "Sensitivity Improvement Techniques for Holographic Nondestructive Testing," JANNAF Optical NDE Methods Workshop, Idaho Falls, Idaho, 2-5 April 1990.

    J.D. Trolinger, D.C. Weber and G.T. Gunnarsson, "Application of Long Range Holography on Modal Analysis", SECTAM session number 17, SECTAM XV Conference, Atlanta, Georgia, March 22 & 23, 1990.

    J.D. Trolinger, D.C. Weber, (ML), G. Pardoen, G.T. Gunnarsson, (UCI) and W. Fagan, (Lasermet), "Application of Long Range Holography in Earthquake Engineering," SPIE paper number 1162-17, pp. 132-142, SPIE International Conference on Laser Interferometry: Quantitative Analysis of Interferograms, San Diego, California, 7-9 August 1989.

    C.F. Hess, J.D. Trolinger, D.C. Weber, G.S. Samuelsen and B.E. Stapper, (UCI), "Holographic Diagnostics of Breakup Phenomena of Impinging Jets for Liquid Rocket Motor Applications," Laser Institute of America's Eighth International Congress on Applications of Lasers and Electro-Optics, Orlando, Florida, October 1989.

    H. Yoo, W.R. Wilcox, R.B. Lal, and J.D. Trolinger, "Modeling the Growth of Triglycine Sulfate Crystals in SpaceLab-3", North-Holland Physics Publishing, Reprinted from Journal of Crystal Growth, Vol. 92, pp. 101-117, December, 1988.

    J.D. Trolinger, J. Craig, H. Tan, P.D. Dean, "Advanced Holographic Diagnostic Methods for 3-D Hypersonic Flow Fields," AIAA-88-4653-CP, AIAA/NASA/AFWAL Sensors & Measurement Techniques for Aeronautical Applications Meeting, Atlanta, Georgia, 7-9 September 1988.

    K.A. Arunkumar & J.D. Trolinger, "Folded Cavity Design for a Ruby Resonator," Optical Engineering, Vol. 27, No. 8, pp. 657-662, August 1988.

    R.B. Lal, M.D. Aggarwal, A.K. Batra, (Al A&M), R.L. Kroes, (NASA/MSFC), W.R. Wilcox, J.D. Trolinger, (SDL), P. Cirino, (BEC), "Growth of Triglycine Sulfate (TGS) Crystals Aboard Spacelab-3," Crystal Technology, 1988.

    J.D. Trolinger, C.F. Hess, J.E. Craig and M. Azzazy, "Non-intrusive Diagnostics for National Aerospace Plane Testing," Paper No. AIAA-88-2051 of the AIAA 15th Aerodynamic Testing Conference, San Diego, California, 18,19,20 May 1988.

    J.D. Trolinger, Hung Tan, and Ravindra Lal, "A Space Flight Holography System for Flow Diagnostics in Micro-Gravity Experiments," presented at The International Congress on Applications of Lasers and Electro-Optics, sponsored by Laser Institute of America, San Diego, California, 9-10 November 1987.

    H. Yoo, W.R. Wilcox, R. Lal and J.D. Trolinger, "Modeling the Growth of Triglycine Sulfate Crystals in Spacelab 3," North-Holland Physics Publishing, Reprinted from Journal of Crystal Growth, Vol. 92, pp. 101-117, 1988.

    J.D. Trolinger, "Laser Instrumentation for Flow Diagnostics," AGARDograph 88-286 A NATO publication, October 1988.

    J.D. Trolinger, "The Holography of Phase Objects", SPIE No. 816-12, Proceedings of the International Symposium, SPIE San Diego, California, August, 1987.

    J.D. Trolinger, J.E. Craig, C.F. Hess and H. Tan, "On-line Particle and Flow Holography," SPIE, Vol. 746, Industrial Laser Interferometry, pp. 168-176 (1987).

    J.D. Trolinger "The Study of Particle and Fiber Production by Holography", presented at IV Conference on Rapid Solidification Processing: Principles & Technologies, University of California, Santa Barbara, 15-18 December 1986.

    H. L. Umstatter, J.D. Trolinger, J.E. Craig and G. Lee, "A Dual Plate Thermoplastic Recording Device for Holographic Interferometry," SPIE Vol. 693 pp. 222-232, presented at SPIE's 30th Annual International Technical Symposium on Optical and Opto-electric Applied Sciences and Engineering, San Diego, California, 17-22 August 1986.

    J.D. Trolinger, "Development of High-Gain, Holographic Grating Projection Screen", J.D. Trolinger, H. Umstatter, SPIE Vol. 676, Ultra Precision Machining & Automated Fabrication of Optics, pp. 17-23, 1986.

    J.D. Trolinger, "An Automated Holographic Interferometry Data Reduction System", Optical Engineering, Vol. 24, No. 5 pp. 840-842, September/October 1985.

    J.D. Trolinger, "Holographic Inspection of Printed Circuit Board", SPIE Vol. 693, High Speed Photography, Viewography & Photonics IV, pp. 217-221, 1986.

    J.D. Trolinger, "Automated Data Reduction for Holographic Interferometry," Optical Engineering, Vol. 24, No. 5, pp. 840-842, September/October 1985.

    J.D. Trolinger and C.F. Hess, "Particle Field Holography Data Reduction by Fourier Transform Analysis", Optical Engineering, Vol. 24, No. 3, May/June 1985.

    J.D. Trolinger, H.L. Umstatter and J.L. Doty, "Dual Thermoplastic Holography Recording System," Optical Engineering, SPIE Vol. 523, Applications of Holography, May 1985.

    D. Modarress, J.D. Trolinger, Hung Tan, (SDL) and Y. Yu, (NASA), "Tomographic Reconstruction of Three-Dimensional Flow Over Air Foils," AIAA-85-0479, AIAA 23rd Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Reno, Nevada, 14-17 January, 1985.

    J.D. Trolinger, "Particle and Flow Field Holography - A Critical Summary," presented at SPIE OE-LASE, Los Angeles Technical Symposium, 20-25 January, 1985.

    J.D. Trolinger, "Multiple-Cavity Lasers for Holography," Optical Engineering, Vol.23, No.1, January/February 1984.

    J.D. Trolinger, J.E. Craig, & W.C. Rose, "Propagation Diagnostic Technique for Turbulent Transonic Flow", AIAA No. 84-0104, AIAA 22nd Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Reno, Nevada, 9-12 January 1984.

    J.D. Trolinger, B.S. Hockley, and J.L. Doty, "Holographic Non-Destructive Inspection Applications, Capability and Limitations", International Advances in Nondestructive Testing, Vol. 10, pp. 135-157, 1984.

    J.D. Trolinger, M. Azzazy, D. Modarress, and J.E. Craig, "Laser Diagnostic Methods/A Summary," Invited paper-AIAA-83-1683, AIAA 16th Fluid & Plasma Dynamics Conference, Danvers, Massachusetts, 12-14 July 1983.

    J.D. Trolinger & B.R. Hildebrand, "Statistical Analysis of a Holographic System Intended for the Space Shuttle", Applied Optics, Vol. 22, No. 14, p. 2124, 15 July, 1983.

    J.E. Craig, J. D. Trolinger, and W.C. Rose, "Turbulence Diagnostics of Flows Over Aircraft Turrets by Retroreflective Holographic and Wave Shearing Interferometry," presented at the 28th International Instrumentation Symposium, The Dunes Hotel, Las Vegas, Nevada, 3-6 May, 1982.

    J.D. Trolinger, B. Hockley & J.L. Doty, "Putting Holographic Inspection Techniques to Work", Lasers & Applications, pp. 51-56.

    J.D. Trolinger, "Aero-Optical Characterization of Aircraft Optical Turrets by Holography Interferometry and Shadowgraph," in Aero-Optical Phenomena, Vol. 80, Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics, edited by K.G. Gilbert and J. Otten, 1982. Also presented at the Symposium on Aero-Optics, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, 14-15 August, 1979.

    J.D. Trolinger and W.D. Bachalo, "Optical Diagnostics in Combustion Research," presented at the Conference on Laser and Electro-Optical Systems, San Diego, California, 26-28 February 1980.

    J.D. Trolinger, "Analysis of Holographic Diagnostics Systems," Optical Engineering, Vol. 19, No. 5, pp. 722-726, September/October 1980.

    J.D. Trolinger, & D. Field "Particle Field Diagnostics by Holography", AIAA No. 80-0018, presented at 18th Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Pasadena, CA, 14-16 January 1980.

    J.D. Trolinger & R.S. Reynolds, "Stresses During Small Motions", Industrial R & D Magazine, May 1979.

    J.D. Trolinger, "The Application of Generalized Phase Control During Reconstruction to Flow Visualization Holography," Applied Optics, Vol. 18, No. 6, p. 766, 15 March 1979.

    G.S. Samuelsen, J. D. Trolinger, and M.P. Heap, "Observation of The Behavior of Coal Particles During Thermal Decomposition by Holography," paper no. WSS/CI 79-6, presented at the 1979 Spring Meeting of the Western States Section of the Combustion Institute, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT.

    J.D. Trolinger & M.P. Heap, "Coal Particle Combustion Studied by Holography", Applied Optics, Vol. 18, p. 1757, June 1, 1979.

    J.D. Trolinger & W.D. Bachalo, "Particle Field Diagnostics Systems for High Temperature/Pressure Environments", presented at EPA/ERDA Symposium on High Temperature/Pressure Particulate Control, Washington D.C., 20-21 September 1977.

    J.D. Trolinger and G.D. Simpson, "Diagnostics of Turbulence by Holography," Optical Engineering, Vol. 18, No. 2, March-April 1979 and SPIE Vol. 125, Advances in Laser Technology for the Atmospheric Sciences p. 105, 1977.

    J.D. Trolinger, "Holographic Interferometry as a Diagnostic Tool for Reactive Flows," Combustion Science and Technology, Vol. 13, pp. 229-244, 1976.

    J.D. Trolinger, "Airborne Holography Techniques for Particle Field Analysis", Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. 267, pp. 448-459, January 1976.

    J.D. Trolinger, "Flow Visualization Holography," Optical Engineering, Vol. 14, No. 5, p. 470, September/October 1975.

    J.D. Trolinger, "Particle Field Holography", Optical Engineering, Vol. 14 No. 5, p. 383, September/October 1975.

    J.D. Trolinger, "An Airborne Holography System for Cloud Particle Analysis in Weather Studies", ISA Reprint 74-627, presented at International Instrument-Automation Conference & Exhibit, New York City, NY, 28-31 October 1974.

    J.D. Trolinger, "Laser Instrumentation for Flow Field Diagnostics," AGARDograph No. 186, published by North Atlantic Treaty Organization, March 1974.

    J.D. Trolinger, "Aerodynamic Holography," Aeronautics and Astronautics, November 1972.

    J.D. Trolinger & T.H. Gee, "Resolution Factors in Edgeline Holography", Applied Optics, Vol. 10, No. 6, p. 1319, June 1971.

    J.D. Trolinger, H.T. Bentley, A.E. Lennert and R.E. Sowls, "Application of Electro-Optical Techniques in Diesel Engine Research," SAE Journal, 1971.

    J.D. Trolinger and J.E. O'Hare, "Holographic Color Schlieren," Applied Optics, October 1969.

    J.D. Trolinger, "Conversion of Large Schlieren Systems to Holographic Visualization Systems," Fundamentals of Aerospace Instrumentation, Vol. 2, 1969, Instrument Society of America 15th National Symposium 1969.

    J. D. Trolinger, W. Farmer, and R. Belz, "Applications of Holography in Environmental Science", Joun. Environ. Sci., 12, no. 10 (1969)

    J. D. Trolinger, W. Farmer, and R. Belz, Holographic Techniques for the Study of Three Dimensional Dynamic Particle Fields", Applied Optics, 8, 967, (1969)

    J.D. Trolinger, "Multiple exposure holography of time varying three dimensional fields" Applied Optics, August, vol 7, no. 8, pp 1640 (1968).